Repeated outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic fevers in Uganda
Background: Since the year 2000, Uganda has experienced repeated outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF). Ebola VHF outbreak occurred in the districts of Gulu in 2000, Bundibugyo, 2007, Luwero, 2011, Kibaale in July 2012, Luwero in November 2012. Marburg VHF was earlier reported in Ibanda in 200...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | African health sciences 2012-12, Vol.12 (4), p.579-589 |
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| creator | Mbonye, A Wamala, J Winyi-Kaboyo Tugumizemo, V Aceng, J Makumbi, I |
| description | Background: Since the year 2000, Uganda has experienced repeated
outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF). Ebola VHF outbreak
occurred in the districts of Gulu in 2000, Bundibugyo, 2007, Luwero,
2011, Kibaale in July 2012, Luwero in November 2012. Marburg VHF was
earlier reported in Ibanda in 2007. More recently in 2012, two
outbreaks of Marburg VHF have occurred in Ibanda and Kabale districts.
Objective: To present the epidemiological picture of the Marburg VHF
recently reported in Ibanda and Kabale districts and propose research
questions to generate evidence to mitigate future epidemics. Methods: A
case definition for a VHF was developed. A frequency distribution of
symptoms of confirmed and probable cases was done. Descriptive analyses
of reported cases using simple percentages, percent distributions and
computation of means was performed. Results: The Marburg epidemic was
reported in early September and by November 2012, a cumulative of 14
cases (9 confirmed and 5 probable) including 7 deaths had been
registered, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 50%. A total of 202
contacts had been listed; out of which 193 had completed the 21-day
follow-up period. The index case was a 33-year old male, a teacher at
Nyakatukura Secondary School in Ibanda district. He travelled to Ibanda
from Kabale, his home district on 31st August 2012, reportedly healthy.
He fell sick on 3rd September 2012 with complaints of fever, headache,
loss of appetite and general body weakness. Overall, the dominant
symptoms for all cases were fever, vomiting, loss of appetite,
headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and the least in
occurrence was bleeding which accounted for 35.5% of all the cases.
Conclusion: The source of infection for all the five Ebola Hemorrhagic
fever outbreaks in Uganda and the recent Marburg VHF outbreak in Ibanda
and Kabale is not known. Currently there is suspicion that there could
be an animal reservoir of the Ebola and Marburg viruses from where
occasional spillage into the human population occurs resulting in
disease outbreaks. This and other hypotheses require further
investigation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.4314/ahs.v12i4.31 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_3598306</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1319168361</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-b446t-5ff0274b8028aaea83df0e115ae6bacc73ad43e4e3e2a05522bf83d49d8d28bf3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkU2LFDEQhoMo7ofePEuDFw_2mKSSTPoiLIuuwoIgrtdQ3V2ZztrTGZPuAf-9WWd3UC-eEpKHh6r3ZeyF4CsFQr3FIa_2Qga1AvGInYq1bGquOTwud2N5bRquT9hZzrecSyMa8ZSdSNDCCAmnzH6hHeFMfRWXuU2E33MVffUtJByrgbYxpQE3oas87SnlKkzVzQanHp-xJx7HTM_vz3N28-H918uP9fXnq0-XF9d1q5SZa-09l2vVWi4tIqGF3nMSQiOZFrtuDdgrIEVAErnWUra-MKrpbS9t6-GcvTt4d0u7pb6jaS6juV0KW0w_XcTg_v6ZwuA2ce9ANxa4KYLX94IUfyyUZ7cNuaNxxInikp0ACVZyXuL4P1riMxaMKOirf9DbuKSpJOGktmZtNUheqDcHqksx50T-OLfg7q49V9pzv9tzcCd9-eeuR_ihrgKsDkAb4hgmOhJdCugeHotyyEIKzuEXyPam7g</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2586785320</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Repeated outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic fevers in Uganda</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>African Journals Online (Open Access)</source><source>Bioline International</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Mbonye, A ; Wamala, J ; Winyi-Kaboyo ; Tugumizemo, V ; Aceng, J ; Makumbi, I</creator><creatorcontrib>Mbonye, A ; Wamala, J ; Winyi-Kaboyo ; Tugumizemo, V ; Aceng, J ; Makumbi, I</creatorcontrib><description>Background: Since the year 2000, Uganda has experienced repeated
outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF). Ebola VHF outbreak
occurred in the districts of Gulu in 2000, Bundibugyo, 2007, Luwero,
2011, Kibaale in July 2012, Luwero in November 2012. Marburg VHF was
earlier reported in Ibanda in 2007. More recently in 2012, two
outbreaks of Marburg VHF have occurred in Ibanda and Kabale districts.
Objective: To present the epidemiological picture of the Marburg VHF
recently reported in Ibanda and Kabale districts and propose research
questions to generate evidence to mitigate future epidemics. Methods: A
case definition for a VHF was developed. A frequency distribution of
symptoms of confirmed and probable cases was done. Descriptive analyses
of reported cases using simple percentages, percent distributions and
computation of means was performed. Results: The Marburg epidemic was
reported in early September and by November 2012, a cumulative of 14
cases (9 confirmed and 5 probable) including 7 deaths had been
registered, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 50%. A total of 202
contacts had been listed; out of which 193 had completed the 21-day
follow-up period. The index case was a 33-year old male, a teacher at
Nyakatukura Secondary School in Ibanda district. He travelled to Ibanda
from Kabale, his home district on 31st August 2012, reportedly healthy.
He fell sick on 3rd September 2012 with complaints of fever, headache,
loss of appetite and general body weakness. Overall, the dominant
symptoms for all cases were fever, vomiting, loss of appetite,
headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and the least in
occurrence was bleeding which accounted for 35.5% of all the cases.
Conclusion: The source of infection for all the five Ebola Hemorrhagic
fever outbreaks in Uganda and the recent Marburg VHF outbreak in Ibanda
and Kabale is not known. Currently there is suspicion that there could
be an animal reservoir of the Ebola and Marburg viruses from where
occasional spillage into the human population occurs resulting in
disease outbreaks. This and other hypotheses require further
investigation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1680-6905</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1729-0503</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1680-6905</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v12i4.31</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23516123</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Uganda: Makerere University Medical School</publisher><subject>Abdominal Pain - epidemiology ; Abdominal Pain - etiology ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Animals ; Contact Tracing ; Diarrhea - epidemiology ; Diarrhea - etiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ebola virus ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Fever ; Fever - epidemiology ; Fever - etiology ; Headache - epidemiology ; Headache - etiology ; Health and Medicine ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Marburg virus ; Marburg Virus Disease - diagnosis ; Marburg Virus Disease - epidemiology ; Marburg Virus Disease - virology ; Marburgvirus - isolation & purification ; Residence Characteristics ; Sex Distribution ; Uganda - epidemiology ; viral hemorrhagic fevers, epidemics, Marburg, Ebola, Uganda ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>African health sciences, 2012-12, Vol.12 (4), p.579-589</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2012 - African Health Sciences</rights><rights>Copyright © Makerere Medical School, Uganda 2012 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b446t-5ff0274b8028aaea83df0e115ae6bacc73ad43e4e3e2a05522bf83d49d8d28bf3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598306/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598306/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27922,27923,53789,53791,79196</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516123$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mbonye, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wamala, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winyi-Kaboyo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tugumizemo, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aceng, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Makumbi, I</creatorcontrib><title>Repeated outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic fevers in Uganda</title><title>African health sciences</title><addtitle>Afr Health Sci</addtitle><description>Background: Since the year 2000, Uganda has experienced repeated
outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF). Ebola VHF outbreak
occurred in the districts of Gulu in 2000, Bundibugyo, 2007, Luwero,
2011, Kibaale in July 2012, Luwero in November 2012. Marburg VHF was
earlier reported in Ibanda in 2007. More recently in 2012, two
outbreaks of Marburg VHF have occurred in Ibanda and Kabale districts.
Objective: To present the epidemiological picture of the Marburg VHF
recently reported in Ibanda and Kabale districts and propose research
questions to generate evidence to mitigate future epidemics. Methods: A
case definition for a VHF was developed. A frequency distribution of
symptoms of confirmed and probable cases was done. Descriptive analyses
of reported cases using simple percentages, percent distributions and
computation of means was performed. Results: The Marburg epidemic was
reported in early September and by November 2012, a cumulative of 14
cases (9 confirmed and 5 probable) including 7 deaths had been
registered, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 50%. A total of 202
contacts had been listed; out of which 193 had completed the 21-day
follow-up period. The index case was a 33-year old male, a teacher at
Nyakatukura Secondary School in Ibanda district. He travelled to Ibanda
from Kabale, his home district on 31st August 2012, reportedly healthy.
He fell sick on 3rd September 2012 with complaints of fever, headache,
loss of appetite and general body weakness. Overall, the dominant
symptoms for all cases were fever, vomiting, loss of appetite,
headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and the least in
occurrence was bleeding which accounted for 35.5% of all the cases.
Conclusion: The source of infection for all the five Ebola Hemorrhagic
fever outbreaks in Uganda and the recent Marburg VHF outbreak in Ibanda
and Kabale is not known. Currently there is suspicion that there could
be an animal reservoir of the Ebola and Marburg viruses from where
occasional spillage into the human population occurs resulting in
disease outbreaks. This and other hypotheses require further
investigation.</description><subject>Abdominal Pain - epidemiology</subject><subject>Abdominal Pain - etiology</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age Distribution</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Contact Tracing</subject><subject>Diarrhea - epidemiology</subject><subject>Diarrhea - etiology</subject><subject>Disease Outbreaks</subject><subject>Ebola virus</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Fever - epidemiology</subject><subject>Fever - etiology</subject><subject>Headache - epidemiology</subject><subject>Headache - etiology</subject><subject>Health and Medicine</subject><subject>Hemorrhage</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Marburg virus</subject><subject>Marburg Virus Disease - diagnosis</subject><subject>Marburg Virus Disease - epidemiology</subject><subject>Marburg Virus Disease - virology</subject><subject>Marburgvirus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Residence Characteristics</subject><subject>Sex Distribution</subject><subject>Uganda - epidemiology</subject><subject>viral hemorrhagic fevers, epidemics, Marburg, Ebola, Uganda</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>1680-6905</issn><issn>1729-0503</issn><issn>1680-6905</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RBI</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU2LFDEQhoMo7ofePEuDFw_2mKSSTPoiLIuuwoIgrtdQ3V2ZztrTGZPuAf-9WWd3UC-eEpKHh6r3ZeyF4CsFQr3FIa_2Qga1AvGInYq1bGquOTwud2N5bRquT9hZzrecSyMa8ZSdSNDCCAmnzH6hHeFMfRWXuU2E33MVffUtJByrgbYxpQE3oas87SnlKkzVzQanHp-xJx7HTM_vz3N28-H918uP9fXnq0-XF9d1q5SZa-09l2vVWi4tIqGF3nMSQiOZFrtuDdgrIEVAErnWUra-MKrpbS9t6-GcvTt4d0u7pb6jaS6juV0KW0w_XcTg_v6ZwuA2ce9ANxa4KYLX94IUfyyUZ7cNuaNxxInikp0ACVZyXuL4P1riMxaMKOirf9DbuKSpJOGktmZtNUheqDcHqksx50T-OLfg7q49V9pzv9tzcCd9-eeuR_ihrgKsDkAb4hgmOhJdCugeHotyyEIKzuEXyPam7g</recordid><startdate>20121201</startdate><enddate>20121201</enddate><creator>Mbonye, A</creator><creator>Wamala, J</creator><creator>Winyi-Kaboyo</creator><creator>Tugumizemo, V</creator><creator>Aceng, J</creator><creator>Makumbi, I</creator><general>Makerere University Medical School</general><general>Makerere Medical School</general><scope>RBI</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121201</creationdate><title>Repeated outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic fevers in Uganda</title><author>Mbonye, A ; Wamala, J ; Winyi-Kaboyo ; Tugumizemo, V ; Aceng, J ; Makumbi, I</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b446t-5ff0274b8028aaea83df0e115ae6bacc73ad43e4e3e2a05522bf83d49d8d28bf3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Abdominal Pain - epidemiology</topic><topic>Abdominal Pain - etiology</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age Distribution</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Contact Tracing</topic><topic>Diarrhea - epidemiology</topic><topic>Diarrhea - etiology</topic><topic>Disease Outbreaks</topic><topic>Ebola virus</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Fever</topic><topic>Fever - epidemiology</topic><topic>Fever - etiology</topic><topic>Headache - epidemiology</topic><topic>Headache - etiology</topic><topic>Health and Medicine</topic><topic>Hemorrhage</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Marburg virus</topic><topic>Marburg Virus Disease - diagnosis</topic><topic>Marburg Virus Disease - epidemiology</topic><topic>Marburg Virus Disease - virology</topic><topic>Marburgvirus - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Residence Characteristics</topic><topic>Sex Distribution</topic><topic>Uganda - epidemiology</topic><topic>viral hemorrhagic fevers, epidemics, Marburg, Ebola, Uganda</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mbonye, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wamala, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winyi-Kaboyo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tugumizemo, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aceng, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Makumbi, I</creatorcontrib><collection>Bioline International</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>African health sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mbonye, A</au><au>Wamala, J</au><au>Winyi-Kaboyo</au><au>Tugumizemo, V</au><au>Aceng, J</au><au>Makumbi, I</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Repeated outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic fevers in Uganda</atitle><jtitle>African health sciences</jtitle><addtitle>Afr Health Sci</addtitle><date>2012-12-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>579</spage><epage>589</epage><pages>579-589</pages><issn>1680-6905</issn><eissn>1729-0503</eissn><eissn>1680-6905</eissn><abstract>Background: Since the year 2000, Uganda has experienced repeated
outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF). Ebola VHF outbreak
occurred in the districts of Gulu in 2000, Bundibugyo, 2007, Luwero,
2011, Kibaale in July 2012, Luwero in November 2012. Marburg VHF was
earlier reported in Ibanda in 2007. More recently in 2012, two
outbreaks of Marburg VHF have occurred in Ibanda and Kabale districts.
Objective: To present the epidemiological picture of the Marburg VHF
recently reported in Ibanda and Kabale districts and propose research
questions to generate evidence to mitigate future epidemics. Methods: A
case definition for a VHF was developed. A frequency distribution of
symptoms of confirmed and probable cases was done. Descriptive analyses
of reported cases using simple percentages, percent distributions and
computation of means was performed. Results: The Marburg epidemic was
reported in early September and by November 2012, a cumulative of 14
cases (9 confirmed and 5 probable) including 7 deaths had been
registered, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 50%. A total of 202
contacts had been listed; out of which 193 had completed the 21-day
follow-up period. The index case was a 33-year old male, a teacher at
Nyakatukura Secondary School in Ibanda district. He travelled to Ibanda
from Kabale, his home district on 31st August 2012, reportedly healthy.
He fell sick on 3rd September 2012 with complaints of fever, headache,
loss of appetite and general body weakness. Overall, the dominant
symptoms for all cases were fever, vomiting, loss of appetite,
headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and the least in
occurrence was bleeding which accounted for 35.5% of all the cases.
Conclusion: The source of infection for all the five Ebola Hemorrhagic
fever outbreaks in Uganda and the recent Marburg VHF outbreak in Ibanda
and Kabale is not known. Currently there is suspicion that there could
be an animal reservoir of the Ebola and Marburg viruses from where
occasional spillage into the human population occurs resulting in
disease outbreaks. This and other hypotheses require further
investigation.</abstract><cop>Uganda</cop><pub>Makerere University Medical School</pub><pmid>23516123</pmid><doi>10.4314/ahs.v12i4.31</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1680-6905 |
| ispartof | African health sciences, 2012-12, Vol.12 (4), p.579-589 |
| issn | 1680-6905 1729-0503 1680-6905 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_3598306 |
| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; African Journals Online (Open Access); Bioline International; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Abdominal Pain - epidemiology Abdominal Pain - etiology Adult Age Distribution Animals Contact Tracing Diarrhea - epidemiology Diarrhea - etiology Disease Outbreaks Ebola virus Epidemics Epidemiology Fever Fever - epidemiology Fever - etiology Headache - epidemiology Headache - etiology Health and Medicine Hemorrhage Humans Male Marburg virus Marburg Virus Disease - diagnosis Marburg Virus Disease - epidemiology Marburg Virus Disease - virology Marburgvirus - isolation & purification Residence Characteristics Sex Distribution Uganda - epidemiology viral hemorrhagic fevers, epidemics, Marburg, Ebola, Uganda Viruses |
| title | Repeated outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic fevers in Uganda |
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