Structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases

Biotin-dependent carboxylases include acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), geranyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and urea carboxylase (UC). They contain biotin carboxylase (BC), carboxyltransferase (CT), and biotin-carbo...

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description Biotin-dependent carboxylases include acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), geranyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and urea carboxylase (UC). They contain biotin carboxylase (BC), carboxyltransferase (CT), and biotin-carboxyl carrier protein components. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have important functions in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, polyketide biosynthesis, urea utilization, and other cellular processes. ACCs are also attractive targets for drug discovery against type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer, microbial infections, and other diseases, and the plastid ACC of grasses is the target of action of three classes of commercial herbicides. Deficiencies in the activities of PCC, MCC, or PC are linked to serious diseases in humans. Our understanding of these enzymes has been greatly enhanced over the past few years by the crystal structures of the holoenzymes of PCC, MCC, PC, and UC. The structures reveal unanticipated features in the architectures of the holoenzymes, including the presence of previously unrecognized domains, and provide a molecular basis for understanding their catalytic mechanism as well as the large collection of disease-causing mutations in PCC, MCC, and PC. This review will summarize the recent advances in our knowledge on the structure and function of these important metabolic enzymes.
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subjects Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase - chemistry
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase - metabolism
Amino acids
Animals
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Biosynthesis
Biotin
Biotin - metabolism
Carbon-Carbon Ligases - chemistry
Carbon-Carbon Ligases - metabolism
Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases - chemistry
Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases - metabolism
Cell Biology
Cellular biology
Enzymes
Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II - chemistry
Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II - metabolism
Humans
Life Sciences
Metabolic disorders
Methylmalonyl-CoA Decarboxylase - chemistry
Methylmalonyl-CoA Decarboxylase - metabolism
Models, Molecular
Protein Conformation
Proteins
Pyruvate Carboxylase - chemistry
Pyruvate Carboxylase - metabolism
Review
Urea
title Structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases
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