Small Sample Research Designs for Evidence-Based Rehabilitation: Issues and Methods
Abstract Graham JE, Karmarkar AM, Ottenbacher KJ. Small sample research designs for evidence-based rehabilitation: issues and methods. Conventional research methods, including randomized controlled trials, are powerful techniques for determining the efficacy of interventions. These designs, however,...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2012-08, Vol.93 (8), p.S111-S116 |
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| container_end_page | S116 |
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| container_issue | 8 |
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| container_title | Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation |
| container_volume | 93 |
| creator | Graham, James E., PhD, DC Karmarkar, Amol M., PhD, OTR Ottenbacher, Kenneth J., PhD, OTR |
| description | Abstract Graham JE, Karmarkar AM, Ottenbacher KJ. Small sample research designs for evidence-based rehabilitation: issues and methods. Conventional research methods, including randomized controlled trials, are powerful techniques for determining the efficacy of interventions. These designs, however, have practical limitations when applied to many rehabilitation settings and research questions. Alternative methods are available that can supplement findings from traditional research designs and improve our ability to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for individual patients. The focus on individual patients is an important element of evidenced-based rehabilitation. This article examines one such alternate approach: small-N research designs. Small-N designs usually focus on 10 or fewer participants whose behavior (outcomes) are measured repeatedly and compared over time. The advantages and limitations of various small-N designs are described and illustrated using 3 examples from the rehabilitation literature. The challenges and opportunities of applying small-N designs to enhance evidence-based rehabilitation are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.12.017 |
| format | Article |
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Small sample research designs for evidence-based rehabilitation: issues and methods. Conventional research methods, including randomized controlled trials, are powerful techniques for determining the efficacy of interventions. These designs, however, have practical limitations when applied to many rehabilitation settings and research questions. Alternative methods are available that can supplement findings from traditional research designs and improve our ability to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for individual patients. The focus on individual patients is an important element of evidenced-based rehabilitation. This article examines one such alternate approach: small-N research designs. Small-N designs usually focus on 10 or fewer participants whose behavior (outcomes) are measured repeatedly and compared over time. The advantages and limitations of various small-N designs are described and illustrated using 3 examples from the rehabilitation literature. 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Small sample research designs for evidence-based rehabilitation: issues and methods. Conventional research methods, including randomized controlled trials, are powerful techniques for determining the efficacy of interventions. These designs, however, have practical limitations when applied to many rehabilitation settings and research questions. Alternative methods are available that can supplement findings from traditional research designs and improve our ability to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for individual patients. The focus on individual patients is an important element of evidenced-based rehabilitation. This article examines one such alternate approach: small-N research designs. Small-N designs usually focus on 10 or fewer participants whose behavior (outcomes) are measured repeatedly and compared over time. The advantages and limitations of various small-N designs are described and illustrated using 3 examples from the rehabilitation literature. The challenges and opportunities of applying small-N designs to enhance evidence-based rehabilitation are discussed.</description><subject>Evaluation studies as topic</subject><subject>Evidence-Based Medicine - methods</subject><subject>Evidence-based practice</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation</subject><subject>Rehabilitation</subject><subject>Rehabilitation - methods</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Research Design</subject><subject>Sample Size</subject><issn>0003-9993</issn><issn>1532-821X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9Uk1v1DAUtBAVXRb-AAeUI5ek_ojzgVAlKC2tVITEgtSb9eK8dL049mJnV-q_x9GWivaAfLAtz4znvXmEvGG0YJRVJ5sCtmMoOGWsYLygrH5GFkwKnjec3TwnC0qpyNu2FcfkZYybdK2kYC_IMeeySQrtgqxWI1ibrWDcWsy-Y0QIep19xmhuXcwGH7LzvenRacw_QcQ-YdbQGWsmmIx377OrGHcYM3B99hWnte_jK3I0gI34-n5fkp8X5z_OLvPrb1-uzj5e51oyOuW1bHjb0qFqdKerrmwqXomq1QggBwl911VNyYVssNEyuZ3rBC3KsoEZ2YolOT3obnfdiL1GNwWwahvMCOFOeTDq8Ysza3Xr90qUTNRpLcm7e4Hgf6ciJjWaqNFacOh3UTEq-IyrZYLyA1QHH2PA4eEbRtWchtqoOQ01u1SMq5RGIr391-AD5W_7E-DDAYCpTXuDQUVt5l73JqCeVO_N__VPn9C1Nc5osL_wDuPG74JLASimYiKo1TwP8zgwnk60vhF_ANPisFI</recordid><startdate>20120801</startdate><enddate>20120801</enddate><creator>Graham, James E., PhD, DC</creator><creator>Karmarkar, Amol M., PhD, OTR</creator><creator>Ottenbacher, Kenneth J., PhD, OTR</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120801</creationdate><title>Small Sample Research Designs for Evidence-Based Rehabilitation: Issues and Methods</title><author>Graham, James E., PhD, DC ; Karmarkar, Amol M., PhD, OTR ; Ottenbacher, Kenneth J., PhD, OTR</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c510t-7582990f68cbc6b48626369ceaa5f5adbb6842358e8c50162011ac3448a626393</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Evaluation studies as topic</topic><topic>Evidence-Based Medicine - methods</topic><topic>Evidence-based practice</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation</topic><topic>Rehabilitation</topic><topic>Rehabilitation - methods</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Research Design</topic><topic>Sample Size</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Graham, James E., PhD, DC</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karmarkar, Amol M., PhD, OTR</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ottenbacher, Kenneth J., PhD, OTR</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Graham, James E., PhD, DC</au><au>Karmarkar, Amol M., PhD, OTR</au><au>Ottenbacher, Kenneth J., PhD, OTR</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Small Sample Research Designs for Evidence-Based Rehabilitation: Issues and Methods</atitle><jtitle>Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation</jtitle><addtitle>Arch Phys Med Rehabil</addtitle><date>2012-08-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>93</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>S111</spage><epage>S116</epage><pages>S111-S116</pages><issn>0003-9993</issn><eissn>1532-821X</eissn><abstract>Abstract Graham JE, Karmarkar AM, Ottenbacher KJ. Small sample research designs for evidence-based rehabilitation: issues and methods. Conventional research methods, including randomized controlled trials, are powerful techniques for determining the efficacy of interventions. These designs, however, have practical limitations when applied to many rehabilitation settings and research questions. Alternative methods are available that can supplement findings from traditional research designs and improve our ability to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for individual patients. The focus on individual patients is an important element of evidenced-based rehabilitation. This article examines one such alternate approach: small-N research designs. Small-N designs usually focus on 10 or fewer participants whose behavior (outcomes) are measured repeatedly and compared over time. The advantages and limitations of various small-N designs are described and illustrated using 3 examples from the rehabilitation literature. The challenges and opportunities of applying small-N designs to enhance evidence-based rehabilitation are discussed.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>22580169</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.apmr.2011.12.017</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2012-08, Vol.93 (8), p.S111-S116 |
| issn | 0003-9993 1532-821X |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier); EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Evaluation studies as topic Evidence-Based Medicine - methods Evidence-based practice Humans Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Rehabilitation - methods Reproducibility of Results Research Design Sample Size |
| title | Small Sample Research Designs for Evidence-Based Rehabilitation: Issues and Methods |
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