Environmental and genetic contributors to hypospadias: A review of the epidemiologic evidence

This review evaluates current knowledge related to trends in the prevalence of hypospadias, the association of hypospadias with endocrine‐disrupting exposures, and the potential contribution of genetic susceptibility to its etiology. The review focuses on epidemiologic evidence. Increasing prevalenc...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Birth defects research. A Clinical and molecular teratology 2012-07, Vol.94 (7), p.499-510
Hauptverfasser:	Carmichael, Suzan L., Shaw, Gary M., Lammer, Edward J.
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase - genetics Endocrine Disruptors - pharmacology environment Environmental Exposure - adverse effects Environmental Pollutants - toxicity Gene-Environment Interaction genes Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans hypospadias Hypospadias - epidemiology Hypospadias - etiology Hypospadias - genetics Male Membrane Proteins - genetics Phenotype Prevalence Risk Factors urogenital
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