Spinal lordosis optimizes the requirements for a stable erect posture
Lordosis is the bending of the lumbar spine that gives the vertebral column of humans its characteristic ventrally convex curvature. Infants develop lordosis around the time when they acquire bipedal locomotion. Even macaques develop a lordosis when they are trained to walk bipedally. The aim of thi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Theoretical biology and medical modelling 2012-04, Vol.9 (1), p.13-13, Article 13 |
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| creator | Wagner, Heiko Liebetrau, Anne Schinowski, David Wulf, Thomas de Lussanet, Marc H E |
| description | Lordosis is the bending of the lumbar spine that gives the vertebral column of humans its characteristic ventrally convex curvature. Infants develop lordosis around the time when they acquire bipedal locomotion. Even macaques develop a lordosis when they are trained to walk bipedally. The aim of this study was to investigate why humans and some animals develop a lumbar lordosis while learning to walk bipedally.
We developed a musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine, that includes an asymmetric, dorsally shifted location of the spinal column in the body, realistic moment arms, and physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA) of the muscles as well as realistic force-length and force-velocity relationships. The model was used to analyze the stability of an upright body posture. According to our results, lordosis reduces the local joint torques necessary for an equilibrium of the vertebral column during an erect posture. At the same time lordosis increases the demands on the global muscles to provide stability.
We conclude that the development of a spinal lordosis is a compromise between the stability requirements of an erect posture and the necessity of torque equilibria at each spinal segment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/1742-4682-9-13 |
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We developed a musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine, that includes an asymmetric, dorsally shifted location of the spinal column in the body, realistic moment arms, and physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA) of the muscles as well as realistic force-length and force-velocity relationships. The model was used to analyze the stability of an upright body posture. According to our results, lordosis reduces the local joint torques necessary for an equilibrium of the vertebral column during an erect posture. At the same time lordosis increases the demands on the global muscles to provide stability.
We conclude that the development of a spinal lordosis is a compromise between the stability requirements of an erect posture and the necessity of torque equilibria at each spinal segment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1742-4682</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1742-4682</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-13</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22507595</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BioMed Central Ltd</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Asymmetry ; Biomechanics ; Ergonomics ; Hip joint ; Humans ; Lordosis ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Models, Biological ; Musculoskeletal system ; Physiological aspects ; Posture ; Scoliosis ; Spine ; Torque</subject><ispartof>Theoretical biology and medical modelling, 2012-04, Vol.9 (1), p.13-13, Article 13</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2012 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>2012 Wagner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</rights><rights>Copyright ©2012 Wagner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012 Wagner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b577t-bdb93440c490fb239ecc8f0f1be9b1ccecde91e88e6b283d7f26b86d044996a83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b577t-bdb93440c490fb239ecc8f0f1be9b1ccecde91e88e6b283d7f26b86d044996a83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3349546/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3349546/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507595$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Heiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liebetrau, Anne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schinowski, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wulf, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Lussanet, Marc H E</creatorcontrib><title>Spinal lordosis optimizes the requirements for a stable erect posture</title><title>Theoretical biology and medical modelling</title><addtitle>Theor Biol Med Model</addtitle><description>Lordosis is the bending of the lumbar spine that gives the vertebral column of humans its characteristic ventrally convex curvature. Infants develop lordosis around the time when they acquire bipedal locomotion. Even macaques develop a lordosis when they are trained to walk bipedally. The aim of this study was to investigate why humans and some animals develop a lumbar lordosis while learning to walk bipedally.
We developed a musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine, that includes an asymmetric, dorsally shifted location of the spinal column in the body, realistic moment arms, and physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA) of the muscles as well as realistic force-length and force-velocity relationships. The model was used to analyze the stability of an upright body posture. According to our results, lordosis reduces the local joint torques necessary for an equilibrium of the vertebral column during an erect posture. At the same time lordosis increases the demands on the global muscles to provide stability.
We conclude that the development of a spinal lordosis is a compromise between the stability requirements of an erect posture and the necessity of torque equilibria at each spinal segment.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Asymmetry</subject><subject>Biomechanics</subject><subject>Ergonomics</subject><subject>Hip joint</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lordosis</subject><subject>Lumbar Vertebrae</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Posture</subject><subject>Scoliosis</subject><subject>Spine</subject><subject>Torque</subject><issn>1742-4682</issn><issn>1742-4682</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1ks9rFTEQxxdRbK1ePcqCl3rYNr92k1yER6laKAitnkOSnbym7G62SVasf715tj77tJJDwsxnvhm-M1X1GqMjjEV3jDkjDesEaWSD6ZNqfxt4-uC9V71I6RohIrmUz6s9QlrEW9nuV6eXs5_0UA8h9iH5VIc5-9H_gFTnK6gj3Cw-wghTTrULsdZ1ytoMUEMEm-s5pLxEeFk9c3pI8Or-Pqi-fjj9cvKpOf_88exkdd6YlvPcmN5IyhiyTCJnCJVgrXDIYQPSYGvB9iAxCAGdIYL23JHOiK5HjEnZaUEPqvd3uvNiRuhtaSvqQc3RjzreqqC92s1M_kqtwzdFKZMt64rA6k7A-PAfgd2MDaPa2Kg2NiqpMC0ah_dNxHCzQMpq9MnCMOgJwpIURphwJst4Cvr2L_Q6LLH4_YuiZRgctX-otR5A-cmF8rXdiKpVSxkRXDBcqKNHqHJ6GL0NEzhf4jsF73YKCpPhe17rJSV1dnnxqLiNIaUIbmsJRmqzaP-a8ObhJLb4782iPwFq6s2F</recordid><startdate>20120416</startdate><enddate>20120416</enddate><creator>Wagner, Heiko</creator><creator>Liebetrau, Anne</creator><creator>Schinowski, David</creator><creator>Wulf, Thomas</creator><creator>de Lussanet, Marc H E</creator><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>M7Z</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120416</creationdate><title>Spinal lordosis optimizes the requirements for a stable erect posture</title><author>Wagner, Heiko ; 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Infants develop lordosis around the time when they acquire bipedal locomotion. Even macaques develop a lordosis when they are trained to walk bipedally. The aim of this study was to investigate why humans and some animals develop a lumbar lordosis while learning to walk bipedally.
We developed a musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine, that includes an asymmetric, dorsally shifted location of the spinal column in the body, realistic moment arms, and physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA) of the muscles as well as realistic force-length and force-velocity relationships. The model was used to analyze the stability of an upright body posture. According to our results, lordosis reduces the local joint torques necessary for an equilibrium of the vertebral column during an erect posture. At the same time lordosis increases the demands on the global muscles to provide stability.
We conclude that the development of a spinal lordosis is a compromise between the stability requirements of an erect posture and the necessity of torque equilibria at each spinal segment.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BioMed Central Ltd</pub><pmid>22507595</pmid><doi>10.1186/1742-4682-9-13</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Analysis Asymmetry Biomechanics Ergonomics Hip joint Humans Lordosis Lumbar Vertebrae Models, Biological Musculoskeletal system Physiological aspects Posture Scoliosis Spine Torque |
| title | Spinal lordosis optimizes the requirements for a stable erect posture |
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