Elimination of paternal mitochondria through the lysosomal degradation pathway in C. elegans

In mammals, the inheritance of mitochondrion and its DNA （mtDNA） is strictly maternal, despite the fact that a sperm can inject up to 100 functional mitochondria into the oocyte during fertilization. The mechanisms respon- sible for the elimination of the paternal mitochondria remain largely unknown. We report here that this paternal mitochondrial elimination process is conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans, and that the lysosomal pathway actively participates in this process. Molecular and cell biological analyses indicate that in wild-type animals paternal mito- chondria and mtDNA are destroyed within two hours after fertilization. In animals with compromised lysosomes, pa- ternal mitochondria persist until late embryonic stages. Therefore, the lysosomal pathway plays an important role in degrading paternal mitochondria introduced into the oocyte during fertilization. Our study indicates that C. elegans is an excellent animal model for understanding and dissecting this conserved biological process critical for animal de- velopment and reproduction.