Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study
The digit ratio, or the relative lengths, of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D : 4D) shows a sex difference, with males tending to have lower values in comparison with females. This sex differences arises early in the fetus and may result from the effects of prenatal testosterone and estrogen on the relati...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of anatomy 2011-02, Vol.218 (2), p.202-208 |
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| creator | Almasry, Shaima M. El Domiaty, Magda A. Algaidi, Sami A. Elbastawisy, Yasser M. Safwat, Maha D. |
| description | The digit ratio, or the relative lengths, of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D : 4D) shows a sex difference, with males tending to have lower values in comparison with females. This sex differences arises early in the fetus and may result from the effects of prenatal testosterone and estrogen on the relative growth rate of the 2nd and 4th digits. This study aimed to estimate finger lengths and the 2D : 4D ratios for the first time in Saudi Arabian subjects using direct and indirect measurements, and to evaluate the correlations between both indirect and direct 2D : 4D with adult testosterone and various sexually dimorphic physical traits. The results revealed the following: (i) mean 2D : 4D in Saudi Arabian samples varied from 0.96 to 0.99; (ii) mean 2D : 4D was lower for indirect compared to direct 2D : 4D; (iii) sex differences in indirect 2D : 4D were higher than in direct 2D : 4D measurements; (iv) there were no significant correlations between indirect or direct 2D : 4D and testosterone level; (v) there were four significant correlations between direct 2D : 4D and body size traits but no significant correlations between indirect 2D : 4D and body size. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01318.x |
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This sex differences arises early in the fetus and may result from the effects of prenatal testosterone and estrogen on the relative growth rate of the 2nd and 4th digits. This study aimed to estimate finger lengths and the 2D : 4D ratios for the first time in Saudi Arabian subjects using direct and indirect measurements, and to evaluate the correlations between both indirect and direct 2D : 4D with adult testosterone and various sexually dimorphic physical traits. The results revealed the following: (i) mean 2D : 4D in Saudi Arabian samples varied from 0.96 to 0.99; (ii) mean 2D : 4D was lower for indirect compared to direct 2D : 4D; (iii) sex differences in indirect 2D : 4D were higher than in direct 2D : 4D measurements; (iv) there were no significant correlations between indirect or direct 2D : 4D and testosterone level; (v) there were four significant correlations between direct 2D : 4D and body size traits but no significant correlations between indirect 2D : 4D and body size.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8782</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-7580</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01318.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21044064</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JOANAY</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Animal behavior ; Anthropometry ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Fingers - anatomy & histology ; Humans ; image analysis ; Male ; Original ; Plant growth ; Saudi Arabia ; second digit and fourth digit ratio ; Sex Characteristics ; sex‐linked traits ; Testosterone ; Testosterone - blood ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Journal of anatomy, 2011-02, Vol.218 (2), p.202-208</ispartof><rights>2010 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy © 2010 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland</rights><rights>2010 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy © 2010 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.</rights><rights>Journal of Anatomy © 2011 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5188-ed726c6e9e7f8b6951469b7b526c3b3c16b264ca79b2b9977f739f034c639c623</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042754/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042754/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,1411,1427,27901,27902,45550,45551,46384,46808,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044064$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Almasry, Shaima M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El Domiaty, Magda A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Algaidi, Sami A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elbastawisy, Yasser M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Safwat, Maha D.</creatorcontrib><title>Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study</title><title>Journal of anatomy</title><addtitle>J Anat</addtitle><description>The digit ratio, or the relative lengths, of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D : 4D) shows a sex difference, with males tending to have lower values in comparison with females. This sex differences arises early in the fetus and may result from the effects of prenatal testosterone and estrogen on the relative growth rate of the 2nd and 4th digits. This study aimed to estimate finger lengths and the 2D : 4D ratios for the first time in Saudi Arabian subjects using direct and indirect measurements, and to evaluate the correlations between both indirect and direct 2D : 4D with adult testosterone and various sexually dimorphic physical traits. The results revealed the following: (i) mean 2D : 4D in Saudi Arabian samples varied from 0.96 to 0.99; (ii) mean 2D : 4D was lower for indirect compared to direct 2D : 4D; (iii) sex differences in indirect 2D : 4D were higher than in direct 2D : 4D measurements; (iv) there were no significant correlations between indirect or direct 2D : 4D and testosterone level; (v) there were four significant correlations between direct 2D : 4D and body size traits but no significant correlations between indirect 2D : 4D and body size.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>Anthropometry</subject><subject>Asian Continental Ancestry Group</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fingers - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>image analysis</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>Saudi Arabia</subject><subject>second digit and fourth digit ratio</subject><subject>Sex Characteristics</subject><subject>sex‐linked traits</subject><subject>Testosterone</subject><subject>Testosterone - blood</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0021-8782</issn><issn>1469-7580</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdUU1vEzEUtBCIpoW_gCxx4LTBX-sPJJCiqpSiSj0AZ8v2OqmjXTt4vW3y7_HSEAG--PnNvNE8DwAQoyWu5_12iRlXjWglWhJUuwhTLJf7Z2BxAp6DBUIEN1JIcgbOx3GLKgsp9hKcEYwYQ5wtQLmJnd_DkmAOcQO7sAkFZlNCgiHCb2bqAlxlY4OBpsBVP5guRHM_VymaR5NrvcvpIUTnP0BTBbJ3BZrY1fnjY_BmnLIffCxwLFN3eAVerE0_-tfH-wL8-Hz1_fJLc3t3fXO5um1ci6VsfCcId9wrL9bSctXOu1lh29qlljrMLeHMGaEssUoJsRZUrRFljlPlOKEX4NOT7m6yg-9cNZBNr3c5DCYfdDJB_4vEcK836UFTxIhoWRV4dxTI6efkx6KHMDrf9yb6NI1aEiKVIlhV5tv_mNs05Vi307jFHBPWKlRZb_42dHLyJ49K-PhEeAy9P5xwjPScu97q-Qv0HK-ec9e_c9d7_fVuNVf0F8c_oVs</recordid><startdate>201102</startdate><enddate>201102</enddate><creator>Almasry, Shaima M.</creator><creator>El Domiaty, Magda A.</creator><creator>Algaidi, Sami A.</creator><creator>Elbastawisy, Yasser M.</creator><creator>Safwat, Maha D.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><general>Blackwell Science Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201102</creationdate><title>Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study</title><author>Almasry, Shaima M. ; El Domiaty, Magda A. ; Algaidi, Sami A. ; Elbastawisy, Yasser M. ; Safwat, Maha D.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5188-ed726c6e9e7f8b6951469b7b526c3b3c16b264ca79b2b9977f739f034c639c623</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Animal behavior</topic><topic>Anthropometry</topic><topic>Asian Continental Ancestry Group</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fingers - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>image analysis</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Plant growth</topic><topic>Saudi Arabia</topic><topic>second digit and fourth digit ratio</topic><topic>Sex Characteristics</topic><topic>sex‐linked traits</topic><topic>Testosterone</topic><topic>Testosterone - blood</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Almasry, Shaima M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El Domiaty, Magda A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Algaidi, Sami A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elbastawisy, Yasser M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Safwat, Maha D.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of anatomy</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Almasry, Shaima M.</au><au>El Domiaty, Magda A.</au><au>Algaidi, Sami A.</au><au>Elbastawisy, Yasser M.</au><au>Safwat, Maha D.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study</atitle><jtitle>Journal of anatomy</jtitle><addtitle>J Anat</addtitle><date>2011-02</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>218</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>202</spage><epage>208</epage><pages>202-208</pages><issn>0021-8782</issn><eissn>1469-7580</eissn><coden>JOANAY</coden><abstract>The digit ratio, or the relative lengths, of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D : 4D) shows a sex difference, with males tending to have lower values in comparison with females. This sex differences arises early in the fetus and may result from the effects of prenatal testosterone and estrogen on the relative growth rate of the 2nd and 4th digits. This study aimed to estimate finger lengths and the 2D : 4D ratios for the first time in Saudi Arabian subjects using direct and indirect measurements, and to evaluate the correlations between both indirect and direct 2D : 4D with adult testosterone and various sexually dimorphic physical traits. The results revealed the following: (i) mean 2D : 4D in Saudi Arabian samples varied from 0.96 to 0.99; (ii) mean 2D : 4D was lower for indirect compared to direct 2D : 4D; (iii) sex differences in indirect 2D : 4D were higher than in direct 2D : 4D measurements; (iv) there were no significant correlations between indirect or direct 2D : 4D and testosterone level; (v) there were four significant correlations between direct 2D : 4D and body size traits but no significant correlations between indirect 2D : 4D and body size.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>21044064</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01318.x</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Animal behavior Anthropometry Asian Continental Ancestry Group Female Fingers - anatomy & histology Humans image analysis Male Original Plant growth Saudi Arabia second digit and fourth digit ratio Sex Characteristics sex‐linked traits Testosterone Testosterone - blood Young Adult |
| title | Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study |
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