Three Homologous Genes Encoding sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 4 Exhibit Different Expression Patterns and Functional Divergence in Brassica napus
Brassica napus is an allotetraploid (AACC) formed from the fusion of two diploid progenitors, Brassica rapa (AA) and Brassica oleracea (CC). Polyploidy and genome-wide rearrangement during the evolution process have resulted in genes that are present as multiple homologs in the B. napus genome. In t...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Plant physiology (Bethesda) 2011-02, Vol.155 (2), p.851-865 |
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| creator | Chen, Xue Truksa, Martin Snyder, Crystal L El-Mezawy, Aliaa Shah, Saleh Weselake, Randall J |
| description | Brassica napus is an allotetraploid (AACC) formed from the fusion of two diploid progenitors, Brassica rapa (AA) and Brassica oleracea (CC). Polyploidy and genome-wide rearrangement during the evolution process have resulted in genes that are present as multiple homologs in the B. napus genome. In this study, three B. napus homologous genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum-bound sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4) were identified and characterized. Although the three GPAT4 homologs share a high sequence similarity, they exhibit different expression patterns and altered epigenetic features. Heterologous expression in yeast further revealed that the three BnGPAT4 homologs encoded functional GPAT enzymes but with different levels of polypeptide accumulation. Complementation of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gpat4 gpat8 double mutant line with individual BnGPAT4 homologs suggested their physiological roles in cuticle formation. Analysis of gpat4 RNA interference lines of B. napus revealed that the BnGPAT4 deficiency resulted in reduced cutin content and altered stomatal structures in leaves. Our results revealed that the BnGPAT4 homologs have evolved into functionally divergent forms and play important roles in cutin synthesis and stomatal development. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1104/pp.110.169482 |
| format | Article |
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Polyploidy and genome-wide rearrangement during the evolution process have resulted in genes that are present as multiple homologs in the B. napus genome. In this study, three B. napus homologous genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum-bound sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4) were identified and characterized. Although the three GPAT4 homologs share a high sequence similarity, they exhibit different expression patterns and altered epigenetic features. Heterologous expression in yeast further revealed that the three BnGPAT4 homologs encoded functional GPAT enzymes but with different levels of polypeptide accumulation. Complementation of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gpat4 gpat8 double mutant line with individual BnGPAT4 homologs suggested their physiological roles in cuticle formation. Analysis of gpat4 RNA interference lines of B. napus revealed that the BnGPAT4 deficiency resulted in reduced cutin content and altered stomatal structures in leaves. Our results revealed that the BnGPAT4 homologs have evolved into functionally divergent forms and play important roles in cutin synthesis and stomatal development.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0032-0889</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1532-2548</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1532-2548</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169482</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21173024</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PPHYA5</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Biologists</publisher><subject>Amino Acid Sequence ; Animal cuticle ; Arabidopsis - genetics ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Base Sequence ; Biological and medical sciences ; Brassica napus ; Brassica napus - enzymology ; Brassica napus - genetics ; Brassica oleracea ; Brassica rapa ; Cloning, Molecular ; Complementary DNA ; Endoplasmic Reticulum - enzymology ; Epigenomics ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION ; Genomes ; Genomics ; Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - genetics ; Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - metabolism ; Isoenzymes - genetics ; Isoenzymes - metabolism ; Membrane Lipids - analysis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Plant cuticle ; Plant Leaves - chemistry ; Plant Leaves - physiology ; Plant physiology and development ; Plant Proteins - genetics ; Plant Proteins - metabolism ; Plant Stomata - physiology ; Plants ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Proteins ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Plant - genetics ; Testa ; Tetraploidy ; Yeasts</subject><ispartof>Plant physiology (Bethesda), 2011-02, Vol.155 (2), p.851-865</ispartof><rights>2011 American Society of Plant Biologists</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>2011 American Society of Plant Biologists 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-2a4ae3a699d0bd6aa27352501614a9af4284f4260fd2739d2fd271455e300b5f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-2a4ae3a699d0bd6aa27352501614a9af4284f4260fd2739d2fd271455e300b5f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41434160$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41434160$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,799,881,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=23854978$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173024$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Chen, Xue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Truksa, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Snyder, Crystal L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Mezawy, Aliaa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shah, Saleh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weselake, Randall J</creatorcontrib><title>Three Homologous Genes Encoding sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 4 Exhibit Different Expression Patterns and Functional Divergence in Brassica napus</title><title>Plant physiology (Bethesda)</title><addtitle>Plant Physiol</addtitle><description>Brassica napus is an allotetraploid (AACC) formed from the fusion of two diploid progenitors, Brassica rapa (AA) and Brassica oleracea (CC). Polyploidy and genome-wide rearrangement during the evolution process have resulted in genes that are present as multiple homologs in the B. napus genome. In this study, three B. napus homologous genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum-bound sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4) were identified and characterized. Although the three GPAT4 homologs share a high sequence similarity, they exhibit different expression patterns and altered epigenetic features. Heterologous expression in yeast further revealed that the three BnGPAT4 homologs encoded functional GPAT enzymes but with different levels of polypeptide accumulation. Complementation of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gpat4 gpat8 double mutant line with individual BnGPAT4 homologs suggested their physiological roles in cuticle formation. Analysis of gpat4 RNA interference lines of B. napus revealed that the BnGPAT4 deficiency resulted in reduced cutin content and altered stomatal structures in leaves. Our results revealed that the BnGPAT4 homologs have evolved into functionally divergent forms and play important roles in cutin synthesis and stomatal development.</description><subject>Amino Acid Sequence</subject><subject>Animal cuticle</subject><subject>Arabidopsis - genetics</subject><subject>Arabidopsis thaliana</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Brassica napus</subject><subject>Brassica napus - enzymology</subject><subject>Brassica napus - genetics</subject><subject>Brassica oleracea</subject><subject>Brassica rapa</subject><subject>Cloning, Molecular</subject><subject>Complementary DNA</subject><subject>Endoplasmic Reticulum - enzymology</subject><subject>Epigenomics</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</subject><subject>Genetic Complementation Test</subject><subject>GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Genomics</subject><subject>Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - genetics</subject><subject>Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - metabolism</subject><subject>Isoenzymes - genetics</subject><subject>Isoenzymes - metabolism</subject><subject>Membrane Lipids - analysis</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Plant cuticle</subject><subject>Plant Leaves - chemistry</subject><subject>Plant Leaves - physiology</subject><subject>Plant physiology and development</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Plant Stomata - physiology</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>RNA Interference</subject><subject>RNA, Plant - genetics</subject><subject>Testa</subject><subject>Tetraploidy</subject><subject>Yeasts</subject><issn>0032-0889</issn><issn>1532-2548</issn><issn>1532-2548</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkk1vEzEQhlcIREPhyBHwBXHa4q_drC9IpaQpUiUq0Z6tiXc2cbWxt_amIr-FP8tECQFOXDzWvI9fzYeL4rXgZ0Jw_XEYdvFM1EY38kkxEZWSpax087SYcE533jTmpHiR8z3nXCihnxcnUoip4lJPip-3q4TIruI69nEZN5nNMWBms-Bi68OS5VDO-63DFPtSlTermIcVjMjO3bYfE4TcYYKMTLPZj5Vf-JF98R3lMIyUGRLm7GNgNzCOmEJmEFp2uQlupCz0BD9iWmJwyHxgn8kqewcswLDJL4tnHfQZXx3iaXF3Obu9uCqvv82_Xpxfl05X1VhK0IAKamNavmhrADlVlay4qIUGA52Wjaaj5l1LimnlLgp6iorzRdWp0-LT3nfYLNbYOio9QW-H5NeQtjaCt_8qwa_sMj5aRfPVU0EGHw4GKT5sMI927bPDvoeANFJr6kbUvK70f8lGG62kkpLIck-6FHNO2B3rEdzuNm-HYRftfvPEv_27iSP9e9UEvD8AkB30He3O-fyHU02lzbQh7s2eu89jTEddC600dUH6u73eQbSwTORx913Sz-LCqKkxSv0C1ffLww</recordid><startdate>20110201</startdate><enddate>20110201</enddate><creator>Chen, Xue</creator><creator>Truksa, Martin</creator><creator>Snyder, Crystal L</creator><creator>El-Mezawy, Aliaa</creator><creator>Shah, Saleh</creator><creator>Weselake, Randall J</creator><general>American Society of Plant Biologists</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110201</creationdate><title>Three Homologous Genes Encoding sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 4 Exhibit Different Expression Patterns and Functional Divergence in Brassica napus</title><author>Chen, Xue ; Truksa, Martin ; Snyder, Crystal L ; El-Mezawy, Aliaa ; Shah, Saleh ; Weselake, Randall J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-2a4ae3a699d0bd6aa27352501614a9af4284f4260fd2739d2fd271455e300b5f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Amino Acid Sequence</topic><topic>Animal cuticle</topic><topic>Arabidopsis - genetics</topic><topic>Arabidopsis thaliana</topic><topic>Base Sequence</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Brassica napus</topic><topic>Brassica napus - enzymology</topic><topic>Brassica napus - genetics</topic><topic>Brassica oleracea</topic><topic>Brassica rapa</topic><topic>Cloning, Molecular</topic><topic>Complementary DNA</topic><topic>Endoplasmic Reticulum - enzymology</topic><topic>Epigenomics</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</topic><topic>Genetic Complementation Test</topic><topic>GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Genomics</topic><topic>Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - genetics</topic><topic>Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - metabolism</topic><topic>Isoenzymes - genetics</topic><topic>Isoenzymes - metabolism</topic><topic>Membrane Lipids - analysis</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Plant cuticle</topic><topic>Plant Leaves - chemistry</topic><topic>Plant Leaves - physiology</topic><topic>Plant physiology and development</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Plant Stomata - physiology</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>Polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>RNA Interference</topic><topic>RNA, Plant - genetics</topic><topic>Testa</topic><topic>Tetraploidy</topic><topic>Yeasts</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chen, Xue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Truksa, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Snyder, Crystal L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Mezawy, Aliaa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shah, Saleh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weselake, Randall J</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Plant physiology (Bethesda)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chen, Xue</au><au>Truksa, Martin</au><au>Snyder, Crystal L</au><au>El-Mezawy, Aliaa</au><au>Shah, Saleh</au><au>Weselake, Randall J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Three Homologous Genes Encoding sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 4 Exhibit Different Expression Patterns and Functional Divergence in Brassica napus</atitle><jtitle>Plant physiology (Bethesda)</jtitle><addtitle>Plant Physiol</addtitle><date>2011-02-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>155</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>851</spage><epage>865</epage><pages>851-865</pages><issn>0032-0889</issn><issn>1532-2548</issn><eissn>1532-2548</eissn><coden>PPHYA5</coden><abstract>Brassica napus is an allotetraploid (AACC) formed from the fusion of two diploid progenitors, Brassica rapa (AA) and Brassica oleracea (CC). Polyploidy and genome-wide rearrangement during the evolution process have resulted in genes that are present as multiple homologs in the B. napus genome. In this study, three B. napus homologous genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum-bound sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4) were identified and characterized. Although the three GPAT4 homologs share a high sequence similarity, they exhibit different expression patterns and altered epigenetic features. Heterologous expression in yeast further revealed that the three BnGPAT4 homologs encoded functional GPAT enzymes but with different levels of polypeptide accumulation. Complementation of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gpat4 gpat8 double mutant line with individual BnGPAT4 homologs suggested their physiological roles in cuticle formation. Analysis of gpat4 RNA interference lines of B. napus revealed that the BnGPAT4 deficiency resulted in reduced cutin content and altered stomatal structures in leaves. Our results revealed that the BnGPAT4 homologs have evolved into functionally divergent forms and play important roles in cutin synthesis and stomatal development.</abstract><cop>Rockville, MD</cop><pub>American Society of Plant Biologists</pub><pmid>21173024</pmid><doi>10.1104/pp.110.169482</doi><tpages>15</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals |
| subjects | Amino Acid Sequence Animal cuticle Arabidopsis - genetics Arabidopsis thaliana Base Sequence Biological and medical sciences Brassica napus Brassica napus - enzymology Brassica napus - genetics Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Cloning, Molecular Complementary DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum - enzymology Epigenomics Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Genetic Complementation Test GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION Genomes Genomics Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - genetics Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - metabolism Isoenzymes - genetics Isoenzymes - metabolism Membrane Lipids - analysis Molecular Sequence Data Mutation Phylogeny Plant cuticle Plant Leaves - chemistry Plant Leaves - physiology Plant physiology and development Plant Proteins - genetics Plant Proteins - metabolism Plant Stomata - physiology Plants Polymerase chain reaction Proteins RNA Interference RNA, Plant - genetics Testa Tetraploidy Yeasts |
| title | Three Homologous Genes Encoding sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 4 Exhibit Different Expression Patterns and Functional Divergence in Brassica napus |
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