High-resolution proxies for wood density variations in Terminalia superba
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Density is a crucial variable in forest and wood science and is evaluated by a multitude of methods. Direct gravimetric methods are mostly destructive and time-consuming. Therefore, faster and semi- to non-destructive indirect methods have been developed. METHODS: Profiles of wo...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Annals of botany 2011-02, Vol.107 (2), p.293-302 |
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creator | De Ridder, Maaike Van den Bulcke, Jan Vansteenkiste, Dries Van Loo, Denis Dierick, Manuel Masschaele, Bert De Witte, Yoni Mannes, David Lehmann, Eberhard Beeckman, Hans Van Hoorebeke, Luc Van Acker, Joris |
description | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Density is a crucial variable in forest and wood science and is evaluated by a multitude of methods. Direct gravimetric methods are mostly destructive and time-consuming. Therefore, faster and semi- to non-destructive indirect methods have been developed. METHODS: Profiles of wood density variations with a resolution of approx. 50 μm were derived from one-dimensional resistance drillings, two-dimensional neutron scans, and three-dimensional neutron and X-ray scans. All methods were applied on Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels, an African pioneer species which sometimes exhibits a brown heart (limba noir). KEY RESULTS: The use of X-ray tomography combined with a reference material permitted direct estimates of wood density. These X-ray-derived densities overestimated gravimetrically determined densities non-significantly and showed high correlation (linear regression, R² = 0·995). When comparing X-ray densities with the attenuation coefficients of neutron scans and the amplitude of drilling resistance, a significant linear relation was found with the neutron attenuation coefficient (R² = 0·986) yet a weak relation with drilling resistance (R² = 0·243). When density patterns are compared, all three methods are capable of revealing the same trends. Differences are mainly due to the orientation of tree rings and the different characteristics of the indirect methods. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution X-ray computed tomography is a promising technique for research on wood cores and will be explored further on other temperate and tropical species. Further study on limba noir is necessary to reveal the causes of density variations and to determine how resistance drillings can be further refined. |
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Direct gravimetric methods are mostly destructive and time-consuming. Therefore, faster and semi- to non-destructive indirect methods have been developed. METHODS: Profiles of wood density variations with a resolution of approx. 50 μm were derived from one-dimensional resistance drillings, two-dimensional neutron scans, and three-dimensional neutron and X-ray scans. All methods were applied on Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels, an African pioneer species which sometimes exhibits a brown heart (limba noir). KEY RESULTS: The use of X-ray tomography combined with a reference material permitted direct estimates of wood density. These X-ray-derived densities overestimated gravimetrically determined densities non-significantly and showed high correlation (linear regression, R² = 0·995). When comparing X-ray densities with the attenuation coefficients of neutron scans and the amplitude of drilling resistance, a significant linear relation was found with the neutron attenuation coefficient (R² = 0·986) yet a weak relation with drilling resistance (R² = 0·243). When density patterns are compared, all three methods are capable of revealing the same trends. Differences are mainly due to the orientation of tree rings and the different characteristics of the indirect methods. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution X-ray computed tomography is a promising technique for research on wood cores and will be explored further on other temperate and tropical species. Further study on limba noir is necessary to reveal the causes of density variations and to determine how resistance drillings can be further refined.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0305-7364</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1095-8290</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq224</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21131386</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Attenuation coefficients ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Densitometry ; Density ; Drilling ; Gravimetry ; Growth rings ; Imaging ; Neutrons ; Original ; Terminalia - growth & development ; Timber ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods ; Trees ; Trees - growth & development ; Wood - growth & development ; Wood density</subject><ispartof>Annals of botany, 2011-02, Vol.107 (2), p.293-302</ispartof><rights>Annals of Botany Company 2011</rights><rights>The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com 2010</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-d3d1060dff3916acfb0cc6b2a61f960f5c19e391ba3c6966b31fea257769294b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-d3d1060dff3916acfb0cc6b2a61f960f5c19e391ba3c6966b31fea257769294b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43578136$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/43578136$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,803,885,27924,27925,53791,53793,58017,58250</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131386$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>De Ridder, Maaike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van den Bulcke, Jan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vansteenkiste, Dries</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Loo, Denis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dierick, Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Masschaele, Bert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Witte, Yoni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mannes, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lehmann, Eberhard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beeckman, Hans</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Hoorebeke, Luc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Acker, Joris</creatorcontrib><title>High-resolution proxies for wood density variations in Terminalia superba</title><title>Annals of botany</title><addtitle>Ann Bot</addtitle><description>BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Density is a crucial variable in forest and wood science and is evaluated by a multitude of methods. Direct gravimetric methods are mostly destructive and time-consuming. Therefore, faster and semi- to non-destructive indirect methods have been developed. METHODS: Profiles of wood density variations with a resolution of approx. 50 μm were derived from one-dimensional resistance drillings, two-dimensional neutron scans, and three-dimensional neutron and X-ray scans. All methods were applied on Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels, an African pioneer species which sometimes exhibits a brown heart (limba noir). KEY RESULTS: The use of X-ray tomography combined with a reference material permitted direct estimates of wood density. These X-ray-derived densities overestimated gravimetrically determined densities non-significantly and showed high correlation (linear regression, R² = 0·995). When comparing X-ray densities with the attenuation coefficients of neutron scans and the amplitude of drilling resistance, a significant linear relation was found with the neutron attenuation coefficient (R² = 0·986) yet a weak relation with drilling resistance (R² = 0·243). When density patterns are compared, all three methods are capable of revealing the same trends. Differences are mainly due to the orientation of tree rings and the different characteristics of the indirect methods. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution X-ray computed tomography is a promising technique for research on wood cores and will be explored further on other temperate and tropical species. Further study on limba noir is necessary to reveal the causes of density variations and to determine how resistance drillings can be further refined.</description><subject>Attenuation coefficients</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources</subject><subject>Densitometry</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Drilling</subject><subject>Gravimetry</subject><subject>Growth rings</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Neutrons</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Terminalia - growth & development</subject><subject>Timber</subject><subject>Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods</subject><subject>Trees</subject><subject>Trees - growth & development</subject><subject>Wood - growth & development</subject><subject>Wood density</subject><issn>0305-7364</issn><issn>1095-8290</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkMFr2zAUh0XZWNNul963-VYYuJX0ZDm6FErZ1kBghyZn8SxLiYJtpZLdrv_9HNyF9vTgfR-_9_gRcsHoFaMKrjFU16155FyckNm4KfI5V_QDmVGgRV6CFKfkLKUdpZRLxT6RU84YMJjLGVnc-802jzaFZuh96LJ9DH-9TZkLMXsOoc5q2yXfv2RPGD0elJT5LlvZ2PoOG49ZGvY2VviZfHTYJPvldZ6T9a-fq7v7fPnn9-LudpkbwaHPa6gZlbR2DhSTaFxFjZEVR8mcktQVhik7ogrBSCVlBcxZ5EVZSsWVqOCc3Ey5-6FqbW1s10ds9D76FuOLDuj1e9L5rd6EJw10TOFyDLh8DYjhcbCp161PxjYNdjYMSc9FKYALVYzmj8k0MaQUrTteYVQfqtdj9XqqfpS_vf3rqP7vehS-TsIu9SEeuYCinDM48O8Tdxg0bqJPev3AKQPKFIiyLOEfaBuU-g</recordid><startdate>20110201</startdate><enddate>20110201</enddate><creator>De Ridder, Maaike</creator><creator>Van den Bulcke, Jan</creator><creator>Vansteenkiste, Dries</creator><creator>Van Loo, Denis</creator><creator>Dierick, Manuel</creator><creator>Masschaele, Bert</creator><creator>De Witte, Yoni</creator><creator>Mannes, David</creator><creator>Lehmann, Eberhard</creator><creator>Beeckman, Hans</creator><creator>Van Hoorebeke, Luc</creator><creator>Van Acker, Joris</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110201</creationdate><title>High-resolution proxies for wood density variations in Terminalia superba</title><author>De Ridder, Maaike ; Van den Bulcke, Jan ; Vansteenkiste, Dries ; Van Loo, Denis ; Dierick, Manuel ; Masschaele, Bert ; De Witte, Yoni ; Mannes, David ; Lehmann, Eberhard ; Beeckman, Hans ; Van Hoorebeke, Luc ; Van Acker, Joris</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-d3d1060dff3916acfb0cc6b2a61f960f5c19e391ba3c6966b31fea257769294b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Attenuation coefficients</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Conservation of Natural Resources</topic><topic>Densitometry</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Drilling</topic><topic>Gravimetry</topic><topic>Growth rings</topic><topic>Imaging</topic><topic>Neutrons</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Terminalia - growth & development</topic><topic>Timber</topic><topic>Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods</topic><topic>Trees</topic><topic>Trees - growth & development</topic><topic>Wood - growth & development</topic><topic>Wood density</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>De Ridder, Maaike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van den Bulcke, Jan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vansteenkiste, Dries</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Loo, Denis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dierick, Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Masschaele, Bert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Witte, Yoni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mannes, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lehmann, Eberhard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beeckman, Hans</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Hoorebeke, Luc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Van Acker, Joris</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Annals of botany</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>De Ridder, Maaike</au><au>Van den Bulcke, Jan</au><au>Vansteenkiste, Dries</au><au>Van Loo, Denis</au><au>Dierick, Manuel</au><au>Masschaele, Bert</au><au>De Witte, Yoni</au><au>Mannes, David</au><au>Lehmann, Eberhard</au><au>Beeckman, Hans</au><au>Van Hoorebeke, Luc</au><au>Van Acker, Joris</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High-resolution proxies for wood density variations in Terminalia superba</atitle><jtitle>Annals of botany</jtitle><addtitle>Ann Bot</addtitle><date>2011-02-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>107</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>293</spage><epage>302</epage><pages>293-302</pages><issn>0305-7364</issn><eissn>1095-8290</eissn><abstract>BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Density is a crucial variable in forest and wood science and is evaluated by a multitude of methods. Direct gravimetric methods are mostly destructive and time-consuming. Therefore, faster and semi- to non-destructive indirect methods have been developed. METHODS: Profiles of wood density variations with a resolution of approx. 50 μm were derived from one-dimensional resistance drillings, two-dimensional neutron scans, and three-dimensional neutron and X-ray scans. All methods were applied on Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels, an African pioneer species which sometimes exhibits a brown heart (limba noir). KEY RESULTS: The use of X-ray tomography combined with a reference material permitted direct estimates of wood density. These X-ray-derived densities overestimated gravimetrically determined densities non-significantly and showed high correlation (linear regression, R² = 0·995). When comparing X-ray densities with the attenuation coefficients of neutron scans and the amplitude of drilling resistance, a significant linear relation was found with the neutron attenuation coefficient (R² = 0·986) yet a weak relation with drilling resistance (R² = 0·243). When density patterns are compared, all three methods are capable of revealing the same trends. Differences are mainly due to the orientation of tree rings and the different characteristics of the indirect methods. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution X-ray computed tomography is a promising technique for research on wood cores and will be explored further on other temperate and tropical species. Further study on limba noir is necessary to reveal the causes of density variations and to determine how resistance drillings can be further refined.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>21131386</pmid><doi>10.1093/aob/mcq224</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Attenuation coefficients Biomechanical Phenomena Conservation of Natural Resources Densitometry Density Drilling Gravimetry Growth rings Imaging Neutrons Original Terminalia - growth & development Timber Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods Trees Trees - growth & development Wood - growth & development Wood density |
title | High-resolution proxies for wood density variations in Terminalia superba |
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