Lack of otolith involvement in balance responses evoked by mastoid electrical stimulation

Passing current through mastoid electrodes (conventionally termed galvanic vestibular stimulation; GVS) evokes a balance response containing a short‐ and a medium‐latency response. The origins of these two responses are debated. Here we test the hypotheses that they originate from net signals evoked by stimulation of otolith and semi‐circular canal afferents, respectively. Based on anatomy and function, we predicted the directions of the stimulus‐evoked net head rotation vector from the canals and the linear acceleration net vector from the otoliths. We tested these predictions in healthy adults by obtaining responses with the head in strategic postures to alter the relevance of the signals to the balance system. Cross‐covariance between a stochastic waveform of stimulating current and motor output was used to assess the balance responses. Consistent with the canal hypothesis, with the head pitched down the medium‐latency EMG response was abolished while the short‐latency EMG response was maintained. The results, however, did not support the otolith hypothesis. The direction of the linear acceleration signal from the otoliths was predicted to change substantially when using monaural stimuli compared to binaural stimuli. In contrast, short‐latency response direction measured from ground‐reaction forces was not altered. It was always directed along the inter‐aural axis irrespective of whether the stimulus was applied binaurally or monaurally, whether the head was turned in yaw through 90 deg, whether the head was pitched down through 90 deg, or combinations of these manipulations. We conclude that a net canal signal evoked by GVS contributes to the medium‐latency response whilst a net otolith signal does not make a significant contribution to either the short‐ or medium‐latency responses. The vestibular organs of the inner ear comprise semicircular canals and otoliths, which transduce angular and linear accelerations of the head respectively. This information is transmitted to the brain via the vestibular nerve. Small currents to electrodes placed behind the human ear stimulate this pathway, potentially enabling the role of semicircular canals and otoliths to be studied in the control of human balance. In this study, we made theoretical predictions of semicircular canal‐evoked and otolith‐evoked balance responses arising from the electrical stimulus. The properties of the measured balance responses agreed with those predicted by semi‐circular canal inputs bu