Transcription of the Transforming Growth Factor β Activating Integrin β8 Subunit Is Regulated by SP3, AP-1, and the p38 Pathway

Integrin αvβ8 is a critical regulator of transforming growth factor β activation in vasculogenesis during development, immune regulation, and endothelial/epithelial-mesenchymal homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested roles for integrin β8 in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, brain arteriovenous malformations, and select cancers (Araya, J., Cambier, S., Markovics, J. A., Wolters, P., Jablons, D., Hill, A., Finkbeiner, W., Jones, K., Broaddus, V. C., Sheppard, D., Barzcak, A., Xiao, Y., Erle, D. J., and Nishimura, S. L. (2007) J. Clin. Invest. 117, 3551–3562; Su, H., Kim, H., Pawlikowska, L., Kitamura, H., Shen, F., Cambier, S., Markovics, J., Lawton, M. T., Sidney, S., Bollen, A. W., Kwok, P. Y., Reichardt, L., Young, W. L., Yang, G. Y., and Nishimura, S. L. (2010) Am. J. Pathol. 176, 1018–1027; Culhane, A. C., and Quackenbush, J. (2009) Cancer Res. 69, 7480–7485; Cambier, S., Mu, D. Z., O’Connell, D., Boylen, K., Travis, W., Liu, W. H., Broaddus, V. C., and Nishimura, S. L. (2000) Cancer Res. 60, 7084–7093). Here we report the first identification and characterization of the promoter for ITGB8. We show that a SP binding site and a cyclic AMP response element (CRE) in the ITGB8 core promoter are required for its expression and that Sp1, Sp3, and several AP-1 transcription factors form a complex that binds to these sites in a p38-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate the requirement for Sp3, ATF-2, and p38 for the transcription and protein expression of integrin β8. Additionally, reduction of SP3 or inhibition of p38 blocks αvβ8-mediated transforming growth factor β activation. These results place integrin β8 expression and activity under the control of ubiquitous transcription factors in a stress-activated and pro-inflammatory pathway.