Prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire
The complex pathogen–host–vector system of the tick-borne louping-ill virus causes economic losses to sheep and red grouse in upland United Kingdom. This paper examines the spatial distribution, incidence and effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Bowland Fells of Lancashire. Seropre...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Epidemiology and infection 2007-08, Vol.135 (6), p.963-973 |
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| creator | LAURENSON, M. K. McKENDRICK, I. J. REID, H. W. CHALLENOR, R. MATHEWSON, G. K. |
| description | The complex pathogen–host–vector system of the tick-borne louping-ill virus causes economic losses to sheep and red grouse in upland United Kingdom. This paper examines the spatial distribution, incidence and effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Bowland Fells of Lancashire. Seroprevalence in sheep at the beginning of the study varied within the area and was affected significantly by the frequency of acaricide treatment. There was a clear decrease over 5 years in the effective force of infection on farms implementing a vaccination programme, irrespective of acaricide treatment regime, however, only one third of farms apparently eliminated infection. On farms where vaccination did not occur or where vaccination was carried out intermittently, the estimated force of infection was variable or possibly increased. Thus, as befits a complex host–pathogen system, reductions in prevalence were not as dramatic as predicted; we discuss the potential explanations for these observations. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/S0950268806007692 |
| format | Article |
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K. ; McKENDRICK, I. J. ; REID, H. W. ; CHALLENOR, R. ; MATHEWSON, G. K.</creator><creatorcontrib>LAURENSON, M. K. ; McKENDRICK, I. J. ; REID, H. W. ; CHALLENOR, R. ; MATHEWSON, G. K.</creatorcontrib><description>The complex pathogen–host–vector system of the tick-borne louping-ill virus causes economic losses to sheep and red grouse in upland United Kingdom. This paper examines the spatial distribution, incidence and effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Bowland Fells of Lancashire. Seroprevalence in sheep at the beginning of the study varied within the area and was affected significantly by the frequency of acaricide treatment. There was a clear decrease over 5 years in the effective force of infection on farms implementing a vaccination programme, irrespective of acaricide treatment regime, however, only one third of farms apparently eliminated infection. On farms where vaccination did not occur or where vaccination was carried out intermittently, the estimated force of infection was variable or possibly increased. Thus, as befits a complex host–pathogen system, reductions in prevalence were not as dramatic as predicted; we discuss the potential explanations for these observations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0950-2688</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-4409</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0950268806007692</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17346361</identifier><identifier>CODEN: EPINEU</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antibodies, Viral - blood ; Biological and medical sciences ; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - immunology ; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - isolation & purification ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - epidemiology ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - prevention & control ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - veterinary ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Grouse ; Infections ; Microbiology ; Miscellaneous ; Moorlands ; Pathogens ; Retrospective Studies ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases - epidemiology ; Sheep Diseases - prevention & control ; Ticks ; United Kingdom - epidemiology ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines ; Virology ; Viruses ; Yearlings</subject><ispartof>Epidemiology and infection, 2007-08, Vol.135 (6), p.963-973</ispartof><rights>Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007</rights><rights>Copyright 2007 Cambridge University Press</rights><rights>2007 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Cambridge University Press 2007 2007</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c561t-da1d3038b896b7ea143f9706d11ad48c08d8ab9bcf2f94ab9f4c738409ebc14c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c561t-da1d3038b896b7ea143f9706d11ad48c08d8ab9bcf2f94ab9f4c738409ebc14c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4621149$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/4621149$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,799,881,27901,27902,53766,53768,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18950540$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346361$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>LAURENSON, M. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKENDRICK, I. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>REID, H. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>CHALLENOR, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MATHEWSON, G. K.</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire</title><title>Epidemiology and infection</title><addtitle>Epidemiol. Infect</addtitle><description>The complex pathogen–host–vector system of the tick-borne louping-ill virus causes economic losses to sheep and red grouse in upland United Kingdom. This paper examines the spatial distribution, incidence and effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Bowland Fells of Lancashire. Seroprevalence in sheep at the beginning of the study varied within the area and was affected significantly by the frequency of acaricide treatment. There was a clear decrease over 5 years in the effective force of infection on farms implementing a vaccination programme, irrespective of acaricide treatment regime, however, only one third of farms apparently eliminated infection. On farms where vaccination did not occur or where vaccination was carried out intermittently, the estimated force of infection was variable or possibly increased. Thus, as befits a complex host–pathogen system, reductions in prevalence were not as dramatic as predicted; we discuss the potential explanations for these observations.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies, Viral - blood</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - immunology</subject><subject>Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - epidemiology</subject><subject>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - prevention & control</subject><subject>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - veterinary</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Grouse</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Moorlands</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Seroepidemiologic Studies</subject><subject>Sheep</subject><subject>Sheep Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Sheep Diseases - prevention & control</subject><subject>Ticks</subject><subject>United Kingdom - epidemiology</subject><subject>Vaccination</subject><subject>Viral Vaccines</subject><subject>Virology</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>Yearlings</subject><issn>0950-2688</issn><issn>1469-4409</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFks1u1DAUhS0EokPhAZAQ8oauGrBjx7E3SFBoAY0EqOVnZzmOPeOpE0_tZIAF746nE01BSLCKpfPdE597DMBDjJ5ihOtn50hUqGScI4ZQzUR5C8wwZaKgFInbYLaVi61-AO6ltEIIiZLXd8EBrgllhOEZ-Pkhmo3yptfmGKa1GpzysHVpiK4ZBxd6qPoWDksDjbVGDzBYqEM_xOBhZ1Qao0kwUz6Ma9cvCuc93Lg4Juj667HTkInrsZfhm89mx3Cueq3S0kVzH9yxyifzYPoegk-nry9O3hTz92dvT17MC10xPBStwi1BhDdcsKY2ClNiRY1Yi7FqKdeIt1w1otG2tILmk6W6JjwvwTQaU00OwfOd73psOtNqkwMoL9fRdSr-kEE5-afSu6VchI3M60KsItngaDKI4WrMgWTnkjY-BzJhTJJxTCjl5X_BElFcIYwyiHegjiGlaOz-NhjJbbvyr3bzzOPfY9xMTHVm4MkEqKSVtzFv2qUbjmfHim5__mjHrdIQ4l6nrMSYiiwXOzm_A_N9L6t4KVlN6kqys4_y68U7Vn45_yxfZZ5MWVTXRNcujFyFMfa50n-k-QWsC9dg</recordid><startdate>20070801</startdate><enddate>20070801</enddate><creator>LAURENSON, M. K.</creator><creator>McKENDRICK, I. J.</creator><creator>REID, H. W.</creator><creator>CHALLENOR, R.</creator><creator>MATHEWSON, G. K.</creator><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20070801</creationdate><title>Prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire</title><author>LAURENSON, M. K. ; McKENDRICK, I. J. ; REID, H. W. ; CHALLENOR, R. ; MATHEWSON, G. K.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c561t-da1d3038b896b7ea143f9706d11ad48c08d8ab9bcf2f94ab9f4c738409ebc14c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies, Viral - blood</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - immunology</topic><topic>Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - epidemiology</topic><topic>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - prevention & control</topic><topic>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - veterinary</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Grouse</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Moorlands</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Seroepidemiologic Studies</topic><topic>Sheep</topic><topic>Sheep Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Sheep Diseases - prevention & control</topic><topic>Ticks</topic><topic>United Kingdom - epidemiology</topic><topic>Vaccination</topic><topic>Viral Vaccines</topic><topic>Virology</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><topic>Yearlings</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>LAURENSON, M. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKENDRICK, I. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>REID, H. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>CHALLENOR, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MATHEWSON, G. 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K.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire</atitle><jtitle>Epidemiology and infection</jtitle><addtitle>Epidemiol. Infect</addtitle><date>2007-08-01</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>135</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>963</spage><epage>973</epage><pages>963-973</pages><issn>0950-2688</issn><eissn>1469-4409</eissn><coden>EPINEU</coden><abstract>The complex pathogen–host–vector system of the tick-borne louping-ill virus causes economic losses to sheep and red grouse in upland United Kingdom. This paper examines the spatial distribution, incidence and effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Bowland Fells of Lancashire. Seroprevalence in sheep at the beginning of the study varied within the area and was affected significantly by the frequency of acaricide treatment. There was a clear decrease over 5 years in the effective force of infection on farms implementing a vaccination programme, irrespective of acaricide treatment regime, however, only one third of farms apparently eliminated infection. On farms where vaccination did not occur or where vaccination was carried out intermittently, the estimated force of infection was variable or possibly increased. Thus, as befits a complex host–pathogen system, reductions in prevalence were not as dramatic as predicted; we discuss the potential explanations for these observations.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><pmid>17346361</pmid><doi>10.1017/S0950268806007692</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Antibodies, Viral - blood Biological and medical sciences Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - immunology Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne - isolation & purification Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - epidemiology Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - prevention & control Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - veterinary Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Grouse Infections Microbiology Miscellaneous Moorlands Pathogens Retrospective Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Sheep Sheep Diseases - epidemiology Sheep Diseases - prevention & control Ticks United Kingdom - epidemiology Vaccination Viral Vaccines Virology Viruses Yearlings |
| title | Prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire |
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