The Effect of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in High-Risk Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure
Objective To examine the relationship between early parenting stress and later child behavior in a high-risk sample and measure the effect of drug exposure on the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior. Methods A subset of child-caregiver dyads ( n = 607) were selected from the Ma...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Child psychiatry and human development 2009-03, Vol.40 (1), p.73-84 |
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| creator | Bagner, Daniel M. Sheinkopf, Stephen J. Miller-Loncar, Cynthia LaGasse, Linda L. Lester, Barry M. Liu, Jing Bauer, Charles R. Shankaran, Seetha Bada, Henrietta Das, Abhik |
| description | Objective
To examine the relationship between early parenting stress and later child behavior in a high-risk sample and measure the effect of drug exposure on the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior.
Methods
A subset of child-caregiver dyads (
n
= 607) were selected from the Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS), which is a large sample of children (
n
= 1,388) with prenatal cocaine exposure and a comparison sample unexposed to cocaine. Of the 607 dyads, 221 were prenatally exposed to cocaine and 386 were unexposed to cocaine. Selection was based on the presence of a stable caregiver at 4 and 36 months with no evidence of change in caregiver between those time points.
Results
Parenting stress at 4 months significantly predicted child externalizing behavior at 36 months. These relations were unaffected by cocaine exposure suggesting the relationship between parenting stress and behavioral outcome exists for high-risk children regardless of drug exposure history.
Conclusions
These results extend the findings of the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior to a sample of high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure. Implications for outcome and treatment are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10578-008-0109-6 |
| format | Article |
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To examine the relationship between early parenting stress and later child behavior in a high-risk sample and measure the effect of drug exposure on the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior.
Methods
A subset of child-caregiver dyads (
n
= 607) were selected from the Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS), which is a large sample of children (
n
= 1,388) with prenatal cocaine exposure and a comparison sample unexposed to cocaine. Of the 607 dyads, 221 were prenatally exposed to cocaine and 386 were unexposed to cocaine. Selection was based on the presence of a stable caregiver at 4 and 36 months with no evidence of change in caregiver between those time points.
Results
Parenting stress at 4 months significantly predicted child externalizing behavior at 36 months. These relations were unaffected by cocaine exposure suggesting the relationship between parenting stress and behavioral outcome exists for high-risk children regardless of drug exposure history.
Conclusions
These results extend the findings of the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior to a sample of high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure. Implications for outcome and treatment are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0009-398X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-3327</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10578-008-0109-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18626768</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CPHDA3</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Boston: Springer US</publisher><subject>At Risk Persons ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - diagnosis ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - psychology ; Behavior disorders ; Behavior Problems ; Behavioral Science and Psychology ; Behavioural problems ; Biological and medical sciences ; Caregivers ; Child & adolescent psychiatry ; Child and School Psychology ; Child Behavior ; Child clinical studies ; Child Rearing ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Cocaine ; Cocaine - toxicity ; Comparative Analysis ; Family environment. Family history ; Female ; Fetal exposure ; Follow-Up Studies ; High risk ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Internal-External Control ; Intervention ; Life Style ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Mothers ; Narcotics - toxicity ; Original Article ; Outcomes of Treatment ; Parent Child Relationship ; Parenting ; Parenting - psychology ; Parenting Styles ; Parents & parenting ; Personality Assessment - statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - psychology ; Prenatal Influences ; Psychiatry ; Psychology ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychometrics ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Risk Factors ; Social behavior disorders ; Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry ; Statistics as Topic ; Street Drugs - toxicity ; Stress ; Stress Variables ; Stress, Psychological - complications ; Temperament ; Young Children</subject><ispartof>Child psychiatry and human development, 2009-03, Vol.40 (1), p.73-84</ispartof><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008</rights><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c549t-2d5f1f2b18a090711fd34a9bcc4d3303c0c971a82bfe46fe4d181ef0492d760f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c549t-2d5f1f2b18a090711fd34a9bcc4d3303c0c971a82bfe46fe4d181ef0492d760f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10578-008-0109-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10578-008-0109-6$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,12844,27922,27923,30997,30998,41486,42555,51317</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ824431$$DView record in ERIC$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21262478$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18626768$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bagner, Daniel M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sheinkopf, Stephen J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller-Loncar, Cynthia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LaGasse, Linda L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lester, Barry M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bauer, Charles R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shankaran, Seetha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bada, Henrietta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Das, Abhik</creatorcontrib><title>The Effect of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in High-Risk Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure</title><title>Child psychiatry and human development</title><addtitle>Child Psychiatry Hum Dev</addtitle><addtitle>Child Psychiatry Hum Dev</addtitle><description>Objective
To examine the relationship between early parenting stress and later child behavior in a high-risk sample and measure the effect of drug exposure on the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior.
Methods
A subset of child-caregiver dyads (
n
= 607) were selected from the Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS), which is a large sample of children (
n
= 1,388) with prenatal cocaine exposure and a comparison sample unexposed to cocaine. Of the 607 dyads, 221 were prenatally exposed to cocaine and 386 were unexposed to cocaine. Selection was based on the presence of a stable caregiver at 4 and 36 months with no evidence of change in caregiver between those time points.
Results
Parenting stress at 4 months significantly predicted child externalizing behavior at 36 months. These relations were unaffected by cocaine exposure suggesting the relationship between parenting stress and behavioral outcome exists for high-risk children regardless of drug exposure history.
Conclusions
These results extend the findings of the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior to a sample of high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure. Implications for outcome and treatment are discussed.</description><subject>At Risk Persons</subject><subject>Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - diagnosis</subject><subject>Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - psychology</subject><subject>Behavior disorders</subject><subject>Behavior Problems</subject><subject>Behavioral Science and Psychology</subject><subject>Behavioural problems</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Caregivers</subject><subject>Child & adolescent psychiatry</subject><subject>Child and School Psychology</subject><subject>Child Behavior</subject><subject>Child clinical studies</subject><subject>Child Rearing</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Cocaine</subject><subject>Cocaine - toxicity</subject><subject>Comparative Analysis</subject><subject>Family environment. Family history</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fetal exposure</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>High risk</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Internal-External Control</subject><subject>Intervention</subject><subject>Life Style</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mothers</subject><subject>Narcotics - toxicity</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Outcomes of Treatment</subject><subject>Parent Child Relationship</subject><subject>Parenting</subject><subject>Parenting - psychology</subject><subject>Parenting Styles</subject><subject>Parents & parenting</subject><subject>Personality Assessment - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - psychology</subject><subject>Prenatal Influences</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychometrics</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Social behavior disorders</subject><subject>Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry</subject><subject>Statistics as Topic</subject><subject>Street Drugs - toxicity</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Stress Variables</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - complications</subject><subject>Temperament</subject><subject>Young Children</subject><issn>0009-398X</issn><issn>1573-3327</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kV9rFDEUxYModlv9AIJIEOrbaP5Nknkp6LpapWDRCr6FTCbZSTubrMlM1W9vllm2KvhwCbnndy_3cAB4gtFLjJB4lTGqhawQKoVRU_F7YIFrQStKibgPFgiVJm3ktyNwnPN1-RJJ-ENwhCUnXHC5ADdXvYUr56wZYXTwUicbRh_W8MuYbM4wBrjs_dDBN7bXtz4meJliO9hNhj7Ac7_uq88-38xQmYU__NgXxgY96gG-TdMarn5uY56SfQQeOD1k-3j_noCv71ZXy_Pq4tP7D8vXF5WpWTNWpKsddqTFUqMGCYxdR5luWmNYRymiBplGYC1J6yzjpTossXWINaQTHDl6As7mvdup3djOFEdJD2qb_EanXypqr_5Wgu_VOt4qIjlmTVMWvNgvSPH7ZPOoNj4bOww62DhlVQsiKae0gM__Aa_jlEIxp0jJgNVEsgLhGTIp5pysO1yCkdrlqOYcVclR7XJUvMw8-9PC3cQ-uAKc7gGdjR5c0sH4fOAIJpwwseOezpxN3hzk1UdJGKO4yGSWc5HC2qY7A_8_7jfQwr9F</recordid><startdate>20090301</startdate><enddate>20090301</enddate><creator>Bagner, Daniel M.</creator><creator>Sheinkopf, Stephen J.</creator><creator>Miller-Loncar, Cynthia</creator><creator>LaGasse, Linda L.</creator><creator>Lester, Barry M.</creator><creator>Liu, Jing</creator><creator>Bauer, Charles R.</creator><creator>Shankaran, Seetha</creator><creator>Bada, Henrietta</creator><creator>Das, Abhik</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>7SW</scope><scope>BJH</scope><scope>BNH</scope><scope>BNI</scope><scope>BNJ</scope><scope>BNO</scope><scope>ERI</scope><scope>PET</scope><scope>REK</scope><scope>WWN</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88B</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88J</scope><scope>8A4</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CJNVE</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0P</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2R</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>PQEDU</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090301</creationdate><title>The Effect of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in High-Risk Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure</title><author>Bagner, Daniel M. ; Sheinkopf, Stephen J. ; Miller-Loncar, Cynthia ; LaGasse, Linda L. ; Lester, Barry M. ; Liu, Jing ; Bauer, Charles R. ; Shankaran, Seetha ; Bada, Henrietta ; Das, Abhik</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c549t-2d5f1f2b18a090711fd34a9bcc4d3303c0c971a82bfe46fe4d181ef0492d760f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>At Risk Persons</topic><topic>Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - diagnosis</topic><topic>Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - psychology</topic><topic>Behavior disorders</topic><topic>Behavior Problems</topic><topic>Behavioral Science and Psychology</topic><topic>Behavioural problems</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Caregivers</topic><topic>Child & adolescent psychiatry</topic><topic>Child and School Psychology</topic><topic>Child Behavior</topic><topic>Child clinical studies</topic><topic>Child Rearing</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Cocaine</topic><topic>Cocaine - toxicity</topic><topic>Comparative Analysis</topic><topic>Family environment. Family history</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fetal exposure</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>High risk</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Internal-External Control</topic><topic>Intervention</topic><topic>Life Style</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Mothers</topic><topic>Narcotics - toxicity</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Outcomes of Treatment</topic><topic>Parent Child Relationship</topic><topic>Parenting</topic><topic>Parenting - psychology</topic><topic>Parenting Styles</topic><topic>Parents & parenting</topic><topic>Personality Assessment - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - psychology</topic><topic>Prenatal Influences</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychometrics</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Social behavior disorders</topic><topic>Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry</topic><topic>Statistics as Topic</topic><topic>Street Drugs - toxicity</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Stress Variables</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - complications</topic><topic>Temperament</topic><topic>Young Children</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Bagner, Daniel M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sheinkopf, Stephen J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller-Loncar, Cynthia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LaGasse, Linda L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lester, Barry M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bauer, Charles R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shankaran, Seetha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bada, Henrietta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Das, Abhik</creatorcontrib><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Ovid)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>ERIC( SilverPlatter )</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Education Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Social Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Education Periodicals</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Education Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Sociology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Education Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Social Science Database</collection><collection>Sociology Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Education</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Child psychiatry and human development</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bagner, Daniel M.</au><au>Sheinkopf, Stephen J.</au><au>Miller-Loncar, Cynthia</au><au>LaGasse, Linda L.</au><au>Lester, Barry M.</au><au>Liu, Jing</au><au>Bauer, Charles R.</au><au>Shankaran, Seetha</au><au>Bada, Henrietta</au><au>Das, Abhik</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><ericid>EJ824431</ericid><atitle>The Effect of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in High-Risk Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure</atitle><jtitle>Child psychiatry and human development</jtitle><stitle>Child Psychiatry Hum Dev</stitle><addtitle>Child Psychiatry Hum Dev</addtitle><date>2009-03-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>40</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>73</spage><epage>84</epage><pages>73-84</pages><issn>0009-398X</issn><eissn>1573-3327</eissn><coden>CPHDA3</coden><abstract>Objective
To examine the relationship between early parenting stress and later child behavior in a high-risk sample and measure the effect of drug exposure on the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior.
Methods
A subset of child-caregiver dyads (
n
= 607) were selected from the Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS), which is a large sample of children (
n
= 1,388) with prenatal cocaine exposure and a comparison sample unexposed to cocaine. Of the 607 dyads, 221 were prenatally exposed to cocaine and 386 were unexposed to cocaine. Selection was based on the presence of a stable caregiver at 4 and 36 months with no evidence of change in caregiver between those time points.
Results
Parenting stress at 4 months significantly predicted child externalizing behavior at 36 months. These relations were unaffected by cocaine exposure suggesting the relationship between parenting stress and behavioral outcome exists for high-risk children regardless of drug exposure history.
Conclusions
These results extend the findings of the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior to a sample of high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure. Implications for outcome and treatment are discussed.</abstract><cop>Boston</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>18626768</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10578-008-0109-6</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Child psychiatry and human development, 2009-03, Vol.40 (1), p.73-84 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); EBSCOhost Education Source; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | At Risk Persons Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - diagnosis Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - psychology Behavior disorders Behavior Problems Behavioral Science and Psychology Behavioural problems Biological and medical sciences Caregivers Child & adolescent psychiatry Child and School Psychology Child Behavior Child clinical studies Child Rearing Child, Preschool Children Cocaine Cocaine - toxicity Comparative Analysis Family environment. Family history Female Fetal exposure Follow-Up Studies High risk Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Internal-External Control Intervention Life Style Longitudinal Studies Male Medical sciences Mothers Narcotics - toxicity Original Article Outcomes of Treatment Parent Child Relationship Parenting Parenting - psychology Parenting Styles Parents & parenting Personality Assessment - statistics & numerical data Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - psychology Prenatal Influences Psychiatry Psychology Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychometrics Psychopathology. Psychiatry Risk Factors Social behavior disorders Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry Statistics as Topic Street Drugs - toxicity Stress Stress Variables Stress, Psychological - complications Temperament Young Children |
| title | The Effect of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in High-Risk Children with Prenatal Drug Exposure |
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