Enhanced antibody half-life improves in vivo activity

A correlation between drug exposure and efficacy has never been demonstrated for therapeutic antibodies. Zalevsky et al . use a humanized mouse model to show that a reduction in antibody clearance engineered through increased antibody affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor enhances antitumor activity...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Nature biotechnology 2010-02, Vol.28 (2), p.157-159
Hauptverfasser: Zalevsky, Jonathan, Chamberlain, Aaron K, Horton, Holly M, Karki, Sher, Leung, Irene W L, Sproule, Thomas J, Lazar, Greg A, Roopenian, Derry C, Desjarlais, John R
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 159
container_issue 2
container_start_page 157
container_title Nature biotechnology
container_volume 28
creator Zalevsky, Jonathan
Chamberlain, Aaron K
Horton, Holly M
Karki, Sher
Leung, Irene W L
Sproule, Thomas J
Lazar, Greg A
Roopenian, Derry C
Desjarlais, John R
description A correlation between drug exposure and efficacy has never been demonstrated for therapeutic antibodies. Zalevsky et al . use a humanized mouse model to show that a reduction in antibody clearance engineered through increased antibody affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor enhances antitumor activity. Improved affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is known to extend antibody half-life in vivo . However, this has never been linked with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We tested whether antibodies with half-lives extended up to fivefold in human (h)FcRn transgenic mice and threefold in cynomolgus monkeys retain efficacy at longer dosing intervals. We observed that prolonged exposure due to FcRn-mediated enhancement of half-life improved antitumor activity of Fc-engineered antibodies in an hFcRn/Rag1 −/− mouse model. This bridges the demand for dosing convenience with the clinical necessity of maintaining efficacy.
doi_str_mv 10.1038/nbt.1601
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_2855492</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A219142846</galeid><sourcerecordid>A219142846</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c701t-c794b5adcbf0790ddd515dd7de4feff20a9e0627ebc8e32c4cc84c5403a216513</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkm1r1TAUx4sobk7BTyBFwQew1yRN0vSNMMbUwWDg09uQJie9GW1y17TF--3N5c5tVRETOAk5v_PnkPPPsqcYrTAqxTvfjCvMEb6XHWJGeYF5ze-nOxJVgTDjB9mjGC8RQpxy_jA7IAgJLHh1mLFTv1Zeg8mVH10TzDZfq84WnbOQu34zhBli7nw-uznkSo9uduP2cfbAqi7Ck-vzKPv24fTryafi_OLj2cnxeaErhMcUa9owZXRjUVUjYwzDzJjKALVgLUGqBsRJBY0WUBJNtRZUM4pKRTBnuDzK3u91N1PTg9Hgx0F1cjO4Xg1bGZSTy4x3a9mGWRLBGK1JEnh1LTCEqwniKHsXNXSd8hCmKKuyFDWrCUvky3-SBJeYlEIk8Plv4GWYBp--QZK0Sk74rvEXe6hVHUjnbUjt6Z2iPCa4xpQIyhO1-guVtoHe6eDBuvS-KHizKEjMCD_GVk0xyrMvn_-fvfi-ZN_eYZspOg8xheja9Rj3JQv89R7XQ4hxAHszEYzkzpAyGVLuDJnQZ3cneAP-cuBtmzGlfAvD7Xf-IfYT8dblzA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>222236261</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Enhanced antibody half-life improves in vivo activity</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><source>Nature Journals Online</source><creator>Zalevsky, Jonathan ; Chamberlain, Aaron K ; Horton, Holly M ; Karki, Sher ; Leung, Irene W L ; Sproule, Thomas J ; Lazar, Greg A ; Roopenian, Derry C ; Desjarlais, John R</creator><creatorcontrib>Zalevsky, Jonathan ; Chamberlain, Aaron K ; Horton, Holly M ; Karki, Sher ; Leung, Irene W L ; Sproule, Thomas J ; Lazar, Greg A ; Roopenian, Derry C ; Desjarlais, John R</creatorcontrib><description>A correlation between drug exposure and efficacy has never been demonstrated for therapeutic antibodies. Zalevsky et al . use a humanized mouse model to show that a reduction in antibody clearance engineered through increased antibody affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor enhances antitumor activity. Improved affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is known to extend antibody half-life in vivo . However, this has never been linked with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We tested whether antibodies with half-lives extended up to fivefold in human (h)FcRn transgenic mice and threefold in cynomolgus monkeys retain efficacy at longer dosing intervals. We observed that prolonged exposure due to FcRn-mediated enhancement of half-life improved antitumor activity of Fc-engineered antibodies in an hFcRn/Rag1 −/− mouse model. This bridges the demand for dosing convenience with the clinical necessity of maintaining efficacy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1087-0156</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1546-1696</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1601</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20081867</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Nature Publishing Group US</publisher><subject>631/154/436/1729 ; 631/553/1886 ; 631/61/51/1568 ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal - immunology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use ; Bioinformatics ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology ; Biomedicine ; Biotechnology ; brief-communication ; Cynomolgus ; Fc receptors ; Half-Life ; Life Sciences ; Macaca fascicularis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Monkeys &amp; apes ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Physiological aspects ; Rodents ; Structure ; Transgenic animals ; Viral antibodies</subject><ispartof>Nature biotechnology, 2010-02, Vol.28 (2), p.157-159</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature America, Inc. 2009</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2010 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Feb 2010</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c701t-c794b5adcbf0790ddd515dd7de4feff20a9e0627ebc8e32c4cc84c5403a216513</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c701t-c794b5adcbf0790ddd515dd7de4feff20a9e0627ebc8e32c4cc84c5403a216513</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/nbt.1601$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/nbt.1601$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27903,27904,41467,42536,51297</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081867$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zalevsky, Jonathan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chamberlain, Aaron K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Horton, Holly M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karki, Sher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leung, Irene W L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sproule, Thomas J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lazar, Greg A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roopenian, Derry C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desjarlais, John R</creatorcontrib><title>Enhanced antibody half-life improves in vivo activity</title><title>Nature biotechnology</title><addtitle>Nat Biotechnol</addtitle><addtitle>Nat Biotechnol</addtitle><description>A correlation between drug exposure and efficacy has never been demonstrated for therapeutic antibodies. Zalevsky et al . use a humanized mouse model to show that a reduction in antibody clearance engineered through increased antibody affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor enhances antitumor activity. Improved affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is known to extend antibody half-life in vivo . However, this has never been linked with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We tested whether antibodies with half-lives extended up to fivefold in human (h)FcRn transgenic mice and threefold in cynomolgus monkeys retain efficacy at longer dosing intervals. We observed that prolonged exposure due to FcRn-mediated enhancement of half-life improved antitumor activity of Fc-engineered antibodies in an hFcRn/Rag1 −/− mouse model. This bridges the demand for dosing convenience with the clinical necessity of maintaining efficacy.</description><subject>631/154/436/1729</subject><subject>631/553/1886</subject><subject>631/61/51/1568</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antibodies, Monoclonal - immunology</subject><subject>Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Bioinformatics</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>brief-communication</subject><subject>Cynomolgus</subject><subject>Fc receptors</subject><subject>Half-Life</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Macaca fascicularis</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred C57BL</subject><subject>Mice, Transgenic</subject><subject>Monkeys &amp; apes</subject><subject>Monoclonal antibodies</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Structure</subject><subject>Transgenic animals</subject><subject>Viral antibodies</subject><issn>1087-0156</issn><issn>1546-1696</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>N95</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkm1r1TAUx4sobk7BTyBFwQew1yRN0vSNMMbUwWDg09uQJie9GW1y17TF--3N5c5tVRETOAk5v_PnkPPPsqcYrTAqxTvfjCvMEb6XHWJGeYF5ze-nOxJVgTDjB9mjGC8RQpxy_jA7IAgJLHh1mLFTv1Zeg8mVH10TzDZfq84WnbOQu34zhBli7nw-uznkSo9uduP2cfbAqi7Ck-vzKPv24fTryafi_OLj2cnxeaErhMcUa9owZXRjUVUjYwzDzJjKALVgLUGqBsRJBY0WUBJNtRZUM4pKRTBnuDzK3u91N1PTg9Hgx0F1cjO4Xg1bGZSTy4x3a9mGWRLBGK1JEnh1LTCEqwniKHsXNXSd8hCmKKuyFDWrCUvky3-SBJeYlEIk8Plv4GWYBp--QZK0Sk74rvEXe6hVHUjnbUjt6Z2iPCa4xpQIyhO1-guVtoHe6eDBuvS-KHizKEjMCD_GVk0xyrMvn_-fvfi-ZN_eYZspOg8xheja9Rj3JQv89R7XQ4hxAHszEYzkzpAyGVLuDJnQZ3cneAP-cuBtmzGlfAvD7Xf-IfYT8dblzA</recordid><startdate>20100201</startdate><enddate>20100201</enddate><creator>Zalevsky, Jonathan</creator><creator>Chamberlain, Aaron K</creator><creator>Horton, Holly M</creator><creator>Karki, Sher</creator><creator>Leung, Irene W L</creator><creator>Sproule, Thomas J</creator><creator>Lazar, Greg A</creator><creator>Roopenian, Derry C</creator><creator>Desjarlais, John R</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group US</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>N95</scope><scope>XI7</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20100201</creationdate><title>Enhanced antibody half-life improves in vivo activity</title><author>Zalevsky, Jonathan ; Chamberlain, Aaron K ; Horton, Holly M ; Karki, Sher ; Leung, Irene W L ; Sproule, Thomas J ; Lazar, Greg A ; Roopenian, Derry C ; Desjarlais, John R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c701t-c794b5adcbf0790ddd515dd7de4feff20a9e0627ebc8e32c4cc84c5403a216513</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>631/154/436/1729</topic><topic>631/553/1886</topic><topic>631/61/51/1568</topic><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Antibodies, Monoclonal - immunology</topic><topic>Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Bioinformatics</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>brief-communication</topic><topic>Cynomolgus</topic><topic>Fc receptors</topic><topic>Half-Life</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Macaca fascicularis</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Inbred C57BL</topic><topic>Mice, Transgenic</topic><topic>Monkeys &amp; apes</topic><topic>Monoclonal antibodies</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Structure</topic><topic>Transgenic animals</topic><topic>Viral antibodies</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zalevsky, Jonathan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chamberlain, Aaron K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Horton, Holly M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karki, Sher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leung, Irene W L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sproule, Thomas J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lazar, Greg A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roopenian, Derry C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desjarlais, John R</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale Business: Insights</collection><collection>Business Insights: Essentials</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium &amp; Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Materials Science &amp; Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Nature biotechnology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zalevsky, Jonathan</au><au>Chamberlain, Aaron K</au><au>Horton, Holly M</au><au>Karki, Sher</au><au>Leung, Irene W L</au><au>Sproule, Thomas J</au><au>Lazar, Greg A</au><au>Roopenian, Derry C</au><au>Desjarlais, John R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Enhanced antibody half-life improves in vivo activity</atitle><jtitle>Nature biotechnology</jtitle><stitle>Nat Biotechnol</stitle><addtitle>Nat Biotechnol</addtitle><date>2010-02-01</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>157</spage><epage>159</epage><pages>157-159</pages><issn>1087-0156</issn><eissn>1546-1696</eissn><abstract>A correlation between drug exposure and efficacy has never been demonstrated for therapeutic antibodies. Zalevsky et al . use a humanized mouse model to show that a reduction in antibody clearance engineered through increased antibody affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor enhances antitumor activity. Improved affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is known to extend antibody half-life in vivo . However, this has never been linked with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We tested whether antibodies with half-lives extended up to fivefold in human (h)FcRn transgenic mice and threefold in cynomolgus monkeys retain efficacy at longer dosing intervals. We observed that prolonged exposure due to FcRn-mediated enhancement of half-life improved antitumor activity of Fc-engineered antibodies in an hFcRn/Rag1 −/− mouse model. This bridges the demand for dosing convenience with the clinical necessity of maintaining efficacy.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group US</pub><pmid>20081867</pmid><doi>10.1038/nbt.1601</doi><tpages>3</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 1087-0156
ispartof Nature biotechnology, 2010-02, Vol.28 (2), p.157-159
issn 1087-0156
1546-1696
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_2855492
source MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals; Nature Journals Online
subjects 631/154/436/1729
631/553/1886
631/61/51/1568
Agriculture
Animals
Antibodies
Antibodies, Monoclonal - immunology
Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use
Bioinformatics
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology
Biomedicine
Biotechnology
brief-communication
Cynomolgus
Fc receptors
Half-Life
Life Sciences
Macaca fascicularis
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice, Transgenic
Monkeys & apes
Monoclonal antibodies
Physiological aspects
Rodents
Structure
Transgenic animals
Viral antibodies
title Enhanced antibody half-life improves in vivo activity
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-27T16%3A50%3A39IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enhanced%20antibody%20half-life%20improves%20in%20vivo%20activity&rft.jtitle=Nature%20biotechnology&rft.au=Zalevsky,%20Jonathan&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=157&rft.epage=159&rft.pages=157-159&rft.issn=1087-0156&rft.eissn=1546-1696&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nbt.1601&rft_dat=%3Cgale_pubme%3EA219142846%3C/gale_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=222236261&rft_id=info:pmid/20081867&rft_galeid=A219142846&rfr_iscdi=true