Control of retinal isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin in the high-intensity regime

A learning algorithm was used to manipulate optical pulse shapes and optimize retinal isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin, for excitation levels up to 1.8 x 10¹⁶ photons per square centimeter. Below 1/3 the maximum excitation level, the yield was not sensitive to pulse shape. Above this level the lea...

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