Comparisons of cubed ice, crushed ice, and wetted ice on intramuscular and surface temperature changes
Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of different types of cold application, including cold whirlpools, ice packs, and chemical packs. However, few have investigated the effectiveness of different types of ice used in ice packs, even though ice is one of the most common forms of cold...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of athletic training 2009-03, Vol.44 (2), p.136-141 |
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| creator | Dykstra, Joseph H Hill, Holly M Miller, Michael G Cheatham, Christopher C Michael, Timothy J Baker, Robert J |
| description | Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of different types of cold application, including cold whirlpools, ice packs, and chemical packs. However, few have investigated the effectiveness of different types of ice used in ice packs, even though ice is one of the most common forms of cold application.
To evaluate and compare the cooling effectiveness of ice packs made with cubed, crushed, and wetted ice on intramuscular and skin surface temperatures.
Repeated-measures counterbalanced design.
Human performance research laboratory.
Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women) with no history of musculoskeletal disease and no known preexisting inflammatory conditions or recent orthopaedic injuries to the lower extremities.
Ice packs made with cubed, crushed, or wetted ice were applied to a standardized area on the posterior aspect of the right gastrocnemius for 20 minutes. Each participant was given separate ice pack treatments, with at least 4 days between treatment sessions.
Cutaneous and intramuscular (2 cm plus one-half skinfold measurement) temperatures of the right gastrocnemius were measured every 30 seconds during a 20-minute baseline period, a 20-minute treatment period, and a 120-minute recovery period.
Differences were observed among all treatments. Compared with the crushed-ice treatment, the cubed-ice and wetted-ice treatments produced lower surface and intramuscular temperatures. Wetted ice produced the greatest overall temperature change during treatment and recovery, and crushed ice produced the smallest change.
As administered in our protocol, wetted ice was superior to cubed or crushed ice at reducing surface temperatures, whereas both cubed ice and wetted ice were superior to crushed ice at reducing intramuscular temperatures. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.136 |
| format | Article |
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To evaluate and compare the cooling effectiveness of ice packs made with cubed, crushed, and wetted ice on intramuscular and skin surface temperatures.
Repeated-measures counterbalanced design.
Human performance research laboratory.
Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women) with no history of musculoskeletal disease and no known preexisting inflammatory conditions or recent orthopaedic injuries to the lower extremities.
Ice packs made with cubed, crushed, or wetted ice were applied to a standardized area on the posterior aspect of the right gastrocnemius for 20 minutes. Each participant was given separate ice pack treatments, with at least 4 days between treatment sessions.
Cutaneous and intramuscular (2 cm plus one-half skinfold measurement) temperatures of the right gastrocnemius were measured every 30 seconds during a 20-minute baseline period, a 20-minute treatment period, and a 120-minute recovery period.
Differences were observed among all treatments. Compared with the crushed-ice treatment, the cubed-ice and wetted-ice treatments produced lower surface and intramuscular temperatures. Wetted ice produced the greatest overall temperature change during treatment and recovery, and crushed ice produced the smallest change.
As administered in our protocol, wetted ice was superior to cubed or crushed ice at reducing surface temperatures, whereas both cubed ice and wetted ice were superior to crushed ice at reducing intramuscular temperatures.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1062-6050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1938-162X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.136</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19295957</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Athletic Trainers Association</publisher><subject>Analysis of Variance ; Body Temperature Regulation - physiology ; Changes ; Climate ; Cold ; Confidence Intervals ; Cryotherapy - methods ; Data collection ; Female ; Human subjects ; Humans ; Hypothermia, Induced - methods ; Ice ; Injuries ; Male ; Methods ; Muscle, Skeletal - blood supply ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Nutrition ; Nutrition research ; Original Research ; Outcome Measures ; Probability ; Regional Blood Flow - physiology ; Researchers ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin ; Skin Temperature - physiology ; Studies ; Thermography - methods ; Tissues ; Water ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Journal of athletic training, 2009-03, Vol.44 (2), p.136-141</ispartof><rights>Copyright National Athletic Trainers Association Mar/Apr 2009</rights><rights>the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc 2009</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c525t-bc13363400b87ee69f62ff016f513e915981a2a730eb6512f83c0ce339a822a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c525t-bc13363400b87ee69f62ff016f513e915981a2a730eb6512f83c0ce339a822a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657028/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657028/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19295957$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dykstra, Joseph H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, Holly M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, Michael G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheatham, Christopher C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Michael, Timothy J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Robert J</creatorcontrib><title>Comparisons of cubed ice, crushed ice, and wetted ice on intramuscular and surface temperature changes</title><title>Journal of athletic training</title><addtitle>J Athl Train</addtitle><description>Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of different types of cold application, including cold whirlpools, ice packs, and chemical packs. However, few have investigated the effectiveness of different types of ice used in ice packs, even though ice is one of the most common forms of cold application.
To evaluate and compare the cooling effectiveness of ice packs made with cubed, crushed, and wetted ice on intramuscular and skin surface temperatures.
Repeated-measures counterbalanced design.
Human performance research laboratory.
Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women) with no history of musculoskeletal disease and no known preexisting inflammatory conditions or recent orthopaedic injuries to the lower extremities.
Ice packs made with cubed, crushed, or wetted ice were applied to a standardized area on the posterior aspect of the right gastrocnemius for 20 minutes. Each participant was given separate ice pack treatments, with at least 4 days between treatment sessions.
Cutaneous and intramuscular (2 cm plus one-half skinfold measurement) temperatures of the right gastrocnemius were measured every 30 seconds during a 20-minute baseline period, a 20-minute treatment period, and a 120-minute recovery period.
Differences were observed among all treatments. Compared with the crushed-ice treatment, the cubed-ice and wetted-ice treatments produced lower surface and intramuscular temperatures. Wetted ice produced the greatest overall temperature change during treatment and recovery, and crushed ice produced the smallest change.
As administered in our protocol, wetted ice was superior to cubed or crushed ice at reducing surface temperatures, whereas both cubed ice and wetted ice were superior to crushed ice at reducing intramuscular temperatures.</description><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Body Temperature Regulation - physiology</subject><subject>Changes</subject><subject>Climate</subject><subject>Cold</subject><subject>Confidence Intervals</subject><subject>Cryotherapy - methods</subject><subject>Data collection</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Human subjects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypothermia, Induced - methods</subject><subject>Ice</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - blood supply</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Original Research</subject><subject>Outcome Measures</subject><subject>Probability</subject><subject>Regional Blood Flow - physiology</subject><subject>Researchers</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Skin Temperature - physiology</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Thermography - methods</subject><subject>Tissues</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1062-6050</issn><issn>1938-162X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1v1DAQhi1ERUvhD3BAEQe4kGU8jp34goRWfFSq1EsP3CzHO-6mSuLFjov493jZLV-HnuzR-8xo3nkZe8Fh1UAn33FQWCuQUDfNCldcqEfsjGvR1Vzh18flfw-csqcp3QJwlFo9Yadco5ZatmfMr8O0s3FIYU5V8JXLPW2qwdHbysWctveFnTfVd1qWQ12FuRrmJdopJ5dHG3_pKUdvi7jQtKNolxypcls731B6xk68HRM9P77n7PrTx-v1l_ry6vPF-sNl7STKpe4dF0KJBqDvWiKlvULvgSsvuSDNpe64RdsKoF5Jjr4TDhwJoW2HaMU5e38Yu8v9RBtH-x1Hs4vDZOMPE-xg_lXmYWtuwp1BJVvArgx4cxwQw7dMaTHTkByNo50p5GTaRmpAIXUhXz9IqhaaYgUK-Oo_8DbkOJcrGARVXHSaFwgPkIshpUj-984czD5ss8_S7LM0TWPQlLBL08u_3f5pOaYrfgJwiqVM</recordid><startdate>20090301</startdate><enddate>20090301</enddate><creator>Dykstra, Joseph H</creator><creator>Hill, Holly M</creator><creator>Miller, Michael G</creator><creator>Cheatham, Christopher C</creator><creator>Michael, Timothy J</creator><creator>Baker, Robert J</creator><general>National Athletic Trainers Association</general><general>The National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88B</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8A4</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CJNVE</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0P</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEDU</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090301</creationdate><title>Comparisons of cubed ice, crushed ice, and wetted ice on intramuscular and surface temperature changes</title><author>Dykstra, Joseph H ; Hill, Holly M ; Miller, Michael G ; Cheatham, Christopher C ; Michael, Timothy J ; Baker, Robert J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c525t-bc13363400b87ee69f62ff016f513e915981a2a730eb6512f83c0ce339a822a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>Body Temperature Regulation - physiology</topic><topic>Changes</topic><topic>Climate</topic><topic>Cold</topic><topic>Confidence Intervals</topic><topic>Cryotherapy - methods</topic><topic>Data collection</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Human subjects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypothermia, Induced - methods</topic><topic>Ice</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - blood supply</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Nutrition research</topic><topic>Original Research</topic><topic>Outcome Measures</topic><topic>Probability</topic><topic>Regional Blood Flow - physiology</topic><topic>Researchers</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Skin</topic><topic>Skin Temperature - physiology</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Thermography - methods</topic><topic>Tissues</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dykstra, Joseph H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, Holly M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, Michael G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheatham, Christopher C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Michael, Timothy J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Robert J</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Education Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Education Periodicals</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Education Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Education Database</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Education</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of athletic training</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dykstra, Joseph H</au><au>Hill, Holly M</au><au>Miller, Michael G</au><au>Cheatham, Christopher C</au><au>Michael, Timothy J</au><au>Baker, Robert J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comparisons of cubed ice, crushed ice, and wetted ice on intramuscular and surface temperature changes</atitle><jtitle>Journal of athletic training</jtitle><addtitle>J Athl Train</addtitle><date>2009-03-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>44</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>136</spage><epage>141</epage><pages>136-141</pages><issn>1062-6050</issn><eissn>1938-162X</eissn><abstract>Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of different types of cold application, including cold whirlpools, ice packs, and chemical packs. However, few have investigated the effectiveness of different types of ice used in ice packs, even though ice is one of the most common forms of cold application.
To evaluate and compare the cooling effectiveness of ice packs made with cubed, crushed, and wetted ice on intramuscular and skin surface temperatures.
Repeated-measures counterbalanced design.
Human performance research laboratory.
Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women) with no history of musculoskeletal disease and no known preexisting inflammatory conditions or recent orthopaedic injuries to the lower extremities.
Ice packs made with cubed, crushed, or wetted ice were applied to a standardized area on the posterior aspect of the right gastrocnemius for 20 minutes. Each participant was given separate ice pack treatments, with at least 4 days between treatment sessions.
Cutaneous and intramuscular (2 cm plus one-half skinfold measurement) temperatures of the right gastrocnemius were measured every 30 seconds during a 20-minute baseline period, a 20-minute treatment period, and a 120-minute recovery period.
Differences were observed among all treatments. Compared with the crushed-ice treatment, the cubed-ice and wetted-ice treatments produced lower surface and intramuscular temperatures. Wetted ice produced the greatest overall temperature change during treatment and recovery, and crushed ice produced the smallest change.
As administered in our protocol, wetted ice was superior to cubed or crushed ice at reducing surface temperatures, whereas both cubed ice and wetted ice were superior to crushed ice at reducing intramuscular temperatures.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Athletic Trainers Association</pub><pmid>19295957</pmid><doi>10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.136</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of athletic training, 2009-03, Vol.44 (2), p.136-141 |
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| source | MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection; Free E- Journals |
| subjects | Analysis of Variance Body Temperature Regulation - physiology Changes Climate Cold Confidence Intervals Cryotherapy - methods Data collection Female Human subjects Humans Hypothermia, Induced - methods Ice Injuries Male Methods Muscle, Skeletal - blood supply Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Nutrition Nutrition research Original Research Outcome Measures Probability Regional Blood Flow - physiology Researchers Sensitivity and Specificity Skin Skin Temperature - physiology Studies Thermography - methods Tissues Water Young Adult |
| title | Comparisons of cubed ice, crushed ice, and wetted ice on intramuscular and surface temperature changes |
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