Influence of genes, sex, age and environment on the onset of autoimmune hepatitis
The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） is complex. However, it is believed that a susceptible individual, owing to his genetic background, sex and age, can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inherita...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | World journal of gastroenterology : WJG 2009-03, Vol.15 (9), p.1025-1034 |
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| creator | Kathie Béland Pascal Lapierre Fernando Alvarez |
| description | The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） is complex. However, it is believed that a susceptible individual, owing to his genetic background, sex and age, can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However, several genes, inside and outside the HLA locus, have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified, but several have been proposed, mainly viruses and xenobiotics. This article aims at reviewing the current knowledge on susceptibility factors leading to AIH and putative triggers, emphasizing fundamental mechanisms responsible for the break of liver immunological tolerance. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3748/wjg.15.1025 |
| format | Article |
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However, it is believed that a susceptible individual, owing to his genetic background, sex and age, can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However, several genes, inside and outside the HLA locus, have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified, but several have been proposed, mainly viruses and xenobiotics. This article aims at reviewing the current knowledge on susceptibility factors leading to AIH and putative triggers, emphasizing fundamental mechanisms responsible for the break of liver immunological tolerance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1007-9327</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2219-2840</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1025</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19266593</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte Justine, 3175 C(o)te Ste-Catherine, Montreal (Quebec) Canada H3T 1C5, Canada</publisher><subject>Age of Onset ; Autoimmunity ; Environment ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation - immunology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune - genetics ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune - immunology ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune - physiopathology ; HLA Antigens - genetics ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Molecular Mimicry ; Sex Ratio ; T-Lymphocytes - immunology ; 人类白细胞抗原基因 ; 发病率 ; 基因位点 ; 夫精人工授精 ; 环境暴露 ; 自身免疫性肝炎</subject><ispartof>World journal of gastroenterology : WJG, 2009-03, Vol.15 (9), p.1025-1034</ispartof><rights>Copyright © Wanfang Data Co. Ltd. All Rights Reserved.</rights><rights>2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng. All rights reserved. 2009</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-6657a0da3dd94b78af6fb2283371b947dcb67f8d5cafa5b2117e65f3c08cd4873</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-6657a0da3dd94b78af6fb2283371b947dcb67f8d5cafa5b2117e65f3c08cd4873</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Uhttp://image.cqvip.com/vip1000/qk/84123X/84123X.jpg</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655185/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655185/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27923,27924,53790,53792</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19266593$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kathie Béland Pascal Lapierre Fernando Alvarez</creatorcontrib><title>Influence of genes, sex, age and environment on the onset of autoimmune hepatitis</title><title>World journal of gastroenterology : WJG</title><addtitle>World Journal of Gastroenterology</addtitle><description>The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） is complex. However, it is believed that a susceptible individual, owing to his genetic background, sex and age, can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However, several genes, inside and outside the HLA locus, have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified, but several have been proposed, mainly viruses and xenobiotics. This article aims at reviewing the current knowledge on susceptibility factors leading to AIH and putative triggers, emphasizing fundamental mechanisms responsible for the break of liver immunological tolerance.</description><subject>Age of Onset</subject><subject>Autoimmunity</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation - immunology</subject><subject>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</subject><subject>Hepatitis, Autoimmune - genetics</subject><subject>Hepatitis, Autoimmune - immunology</subject><subject>Hepatitis, Autoimmune - physiopathology</subject><subject>HLA Antigens - genetics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunity, Innate</subject><subject>Lymphocyte Activation</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Molecular Mimicry</subject><subject>Sex Ratio</subject><subject>T-Lymphocytes - immunology</subject><subject>人类白细胞抗原基因</subject><subject>发病率</subject><subject>基因位点</subject><subject>夫精人工授精</subject><subject>环境暴露</subject><subject>自身免疫性肝炎</subject><issn>1007-9327</issn><issn>2219-2840</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkV1rFDEUhoModlu98l6CSG_srPmYTJIboRQ_CoUi6HXIZE5ms84k28lMa_-9WXZRSy7ORR7e83BehN5QsuayVh8ftv2aijUlTDxDK8aorpiqyXO0ooTISnMmT9BpzltCGOeCvUQnVLOmEZqv0Pfr6IcFogOcPO4hQr7AGX5fYNsDtrHDEO_DlOIIccYp4nlTyJhh3vN2mVMYxyUC3sDOzmEO-RV64e2Q4fVxnqGfXz7_uPpW3dx-vb66vKlczcVclf3Sks7yrtN1K5X1jW8ZU5xL2upadq5tpFedcNZb0TJKJTTCc0eU62ol-Rn6dMjdLe0InSt-kx3MbgqjnR5NssE8_YlhY_p0b1gjBFWiBLw_BDzY6G3szTYtUyzKplyUEaLLI7Rg58c9U7pbIM9mDNnBMNgIacmmkeXKWjYF_HAA3ZRynsD_daHE7Jva5xoqzL6pQr_9X_8fe6ymAO-OcZsU-7tQBFvrfvkwgGFa1ULXmv8BmzibQQ</recordid><startdate>20090307</startdate><enddate>20090307</enddate><creator>Kathie Béland Pascal Lapierre Fernando Alvarez</creator><general>Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte Justine, 3175 C(o)te Ste-Catherine, Montreal (Quebec) Canada H3T 1C5, Canada</general><general>The WJG Press and Baishideng</general><scope>2RA</scope><scope>92L</scope><scope>CQIGP</scope><scope>W91</scope><scope>~WA</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>2B.</scope><scope>4A8</scope><scope>92I</scope><scope>93N</scope><scope>PSX</scope><scope>TCJ</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090307</creationdate><title>Influence of genes, sex, age and environment on the onset of autoimmune hepatitis</title><author>Kathie Béland Pascal Lapierre Fernando Alvarez</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-6657a0da3dd94b78af6fb2283371b947dcb67f8d5cafa5b2117e65f3c08cd4873</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Age of Onset</topic><topic>Autoimmunity</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation - immunology</topic><topic>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</topic><topic>Hepatitis, Autoimmune - genetics</topic><topic>Hepatitis, Autoimmune - immunology</topic><topic>Hepatitis, Autoimmune - physiopathology</topic><topic>HLA Antigens - genetics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunity, Innate</topic><topic>Lymphocyte Activation</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Molecular Mimicry</topic><topic>Sex Ratio</topic><topic>T-Lymphocytes - immunology</topic><topic>人类白细胞抗原基因</topic><topic>发病率</topic><topic>基因位点</topic><topic>夫精人工授精</topic><topic>环境暴露</topic><topic>自身免疫性肝炎</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kathie Béland Pascal Lapierre Fernando Alvarez</creatorcontrib><collection>中文科技期刊数据库</collection><collection>中文科技期刊数据库-CALIS站点</collection><collection>中文科技期刊数据库-7.0平台</collection><collection>中文科技期刊数据库-医药卫生</collection><collection>中文科技期刊数据库- 镜像站点</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - 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However, it is believed that a susceptible individual, owing to his genetic background, sex and age, can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However, several genes, inside and outside the HLA locus, have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified, but several have been proposed, mainly viruses and xenobiotics. 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| source | MEDLINE; Baishideng "World Journal of" online journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Age of Onset Autoimmunity Environment Female Gene Expression Regulation - immunology Genetic Predisposition to Disease Hepatitis, Autoimmune - genetics Hepatitis, Autoimmune - immunology Hepatitis, Autoimmune - physiopathology HLA Antigens - genetics Humans Immunity, Innate Lymphocyte Activation Male Molecular Mimicry Sex Ratio T-Lymphocytes - immunology 人类白细胞抗原基因 发病率 基因位点 夫精人工授精 环境暴露 自身免疫性肝炎 |
| title | Influence of genes, sex, age and environment on the onset of autoimmune hepatitis |
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