Neuroeffector Ca2+ transients for the direct measurement of purine release and indirect measurement of cotransmitters in rodents
Determining whether ATP and noradrenaline are released from the same vesicle at mature autonomic neuroeffector junctions is challenging because of the difficulty of simultaneously detecting the packeted release of these neurotransmitters. Contraction, overflow and electrophysiology experiments all s...
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description | Determining whether ATP and noradrenaline are released from the same vesicle at mature autonomic neuroeffector junctions is
challenging because of the difficulty of simultaneously detecting the packeted release of these neurotransmitters. Contraction,
overflow and electrophysiology experiments all show that both ATP and noradrenaline are released following field stimulation
(although the ratio might vary) from autonomic nerves in tissues including the vas deferens, rat tail artery and mesenteric
artery. The occurrence of purinergic neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients (NCTs) has been used to detect the packeted release of the neurotransmitter ATP acting on postjunctional P2X receptors
to cause Ca 2+ influx. Neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients can also be used to detect the local effects of noradrenaline through its α 2 -adrenoceptor-mediated prejunctional autoinhibitory effects on nerve terminal Ca 2+ concentration and the probability of exocytosis (measured by counting NCTs). Evidence is presented that exocytosis from sympathetic
varicosities does not occur in a manner independent of the history of that varicosity, but rather that the release of a packet
of ATP transiently suppresses (or predicts the transient suppression of) subsequent release. This could arise by autoinhibition
(by the prejunctional action of noradrenaline or purines) or due to a transient shortage of vesicles readily available for
release. In summary, two high-resolution approaches are proposed to measure the intermittent release of packets of neurotransmitter:
(1) local transient suppression of nerve terminal Ca 2+ transients; and (2) the local and transient inhibition of NCTs to infer local autoinhibition, hence transmitter release.
Such approaches may allow the packeted corelease of ATP and noradrenaline to be investigated without the need to measure both
neurotransmitters directly. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043679 |
format | Article |
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challenging because of the difficulty of simultaneously detecting the packeted release of these neurotransmitters. Contraction,
overflow and electrophysiology experiments all show that both ATP and noradrenaline are released following field stimulation
(although the ratio might vary) from autonomic nerves in tissues including the vas deferens, rat tail artery and mesenteric
artery. The occurrence of purinergic neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients (NCTs) has been used to detect the packeted release of the neurotransmitter ATP acting on postjunctional P2X receptors
to cause Ca 2+ influx. Neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients can also be used to detect the local effects of noradrenaline through its α 2 -adrenoceptor-mediated prejunctional autoinhibitory effects on nerve terminal Ca 2+ concentration and the probability of exocytosis (measured by counting NCTs). Evidence is presented that exocytosis from sympathetic
varicosities does not occur in a manner independent of the history of that varicosity, but rather that the release of a packet
of ATP transiently suppresses (or predicts the transient suppression of) subsequent release. This could arise by autoinhibition
(by the prejunctional action of noradrenaline or purines) or due to a transient shortage of vesicles readily available for
release. In summary, two high-resolution approaches are proposed to measure the intermittent release of packets of neurotransmitter:
(1) local transient suppression of nerve terminal Ca 2+ transients; and (2) the local and transient inhibition of NCTs to infer local autoinhibition, hence transmitter release.
Such approaches may allow the packeted corelease of ATP and noradrenaline to be investigated without the need to measure both
neurotransmitters directly.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0958-0670</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-445X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043679</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18805863</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: The Physiological Society</publisher><subject>Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism ; Animals ; Calcium - metabolism ; Mice ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular - innervation ; Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism ; Norepinephrine - metabolism ; Purines - metabolism ; Rats ; Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology ; Synaptic Transmission - physiology</subject><ispartof>Experimental physiology, 2009-01, Vol.94 (1), p.25-30</ispartof><rights>2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2009 The Physiological Society</rights><rights>Journal compilation © 2009 The Physiological Society</rights><rights>2009 The Physiological Society 2009</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2008.043679$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2008.043679$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805863$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Brain, K. L.</creatorcontrib><title>Neuroeffector Ca2+ transients for the direct measurement of purine release and indirect measurement of cotransmitters in rodents</title><title>Experimental physiology</title><addtitle>Exp Physiol</addtitle><description>Determining whether ATP and noradrenaline are released from the same vesicle at mature autonomic neuroeffector junctions is
challenging because of the difficulty of simultaneously detecting the packeted release of these neurotransmitters. Contraction,
overflow and electrophysiology experiments all show that both ATP and noradrenaline are released following field stimulation
(although the ratio might vary) from autonomic nerves in tissues including the vas deferens, rat tail artery and mesenteric
artery. The occurrence of purinergic neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients (NCTs) has been used to detect the packeted release of the neurotransmitter ATP acting on postjunctional P2X receptors
to cause Ca 2+ influx. Neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients can also be used to detect the local effects of noradrenaline through its α 2 -adrenoceptor-mediated prejunctional autoinhibitory effects on nerve terminal Ca 2+ concentration and the probability of exocytosis (measured by counting NCTs). Evidence is presented that exocytosis from sympathetic
varicosities does not occur in a manner independent of the history of that varicosity, but rather that the release of a packet
of ATP transiently suppresses (or predicts the transient suppression of) subsequent release. This could arise by autoinhibition
(by the prejunctional action of noradrenaline or purines) or due to a transient shortage of vesicles readily available for
release. In summary, two high-resolution approaches are proposed to measure the intermittent release of packets of neurotransmitter:
(1) local transient suppression of nerve terminal Ca 2+ transients; and (2) the local and transient inhibition of NCTs to infer local autoinhibition, hence transmitter release.
Such approaches may allow the packeted corelease of ATP and noradrenaline to be investigated without the need to measure both
neurotransmitters directly.</description><subject>Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Calcium - metabolism</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Muscle, Smooth, Vascular - innervation</subject><subject>Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism</subject><subject>Norepinephrine - metabolism</subject><subject>Purines - metabolism</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology</subject><subject>Synaptic Transmission - physiology</subject><issn>0958-0670</issn><issn>1469-445X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkk2L1TAUhoMoznX0LwxB0I30ms82cSHIZXSEQV0ouAtpejrN0DY1aR3vzp9urh0dFUFXgXOevOfrReiEki2llD-FL9PU7ZMP_ZYRorZE8LLSt9CGilIXQsiPt9GGaKkKUlbkCN1L6ZIQyokSd9ERVYpIVfIN-voGlhigbcHNIeKdZU_wHO2YPIxzwm2OzR3gxscM4AFsWiIMOYdDi6cl-hFwhD7HAduxwX78O-rCd9XBzzPElDEcQ3MocR_daW2f4MH1e4w-vDx9vzsrzt--er17cV50grKq4IrrUokKXGtdW0vrNGmaurUVpbpxFchacmIJaRulawGOWcqsdaTiAA0v-TF6vupOSz1A43LtaHszRT_YuDfBevN7ZvSduQifDSu5opRlgcfXAjF8WiDNZvDJQd_bEcKSTJn3LzXj_wQZZXn58j9AIoWmqsrgwz_Ay7DEMa8rM1xzTajM0MmvA_6c7MetM_BsBa58D_ubPDEHR5kbR5mDo8zqKHP67kxWhxYerZ87f9Fd5RObFU7BeZj3RgtDDZP8Gz_D0zc</recordid><startdate>200901</startdate><enddate>200901</enddate><creator>Brain, K. L.</creator><general>The Physiological Society</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200901</creationdate><title>Neuroeffector Ca2+ transients for the direct measurement of purine release and indirect measurement of cotransmitters in rodents</title><author>Brain, K. L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-h4127-38396847ecfacfb5ac90ddbfa7119dc7e5b530a00fd89b4ec2a12aac073eed363</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Calcium - metabolism</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Muscle, Smooth, Vascular - innervation</topic><topic>Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism</topic><topic>Norepinephrine - metabolism</topic><topic>Purines - metabolism</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology</topic><topic>Synaptic Transmission - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Brain, K. L.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Wiley Free Content</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Experimental physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Brain, K. L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Neuroeffector Ca2+ transients for the direct measurement of purine release and indirect measurement of cotransmitters in rodents</atitle><jtitle>Experimental physiology</jtitle><addtitle>Exp Physiol</addtitle><date>2009-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>94</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>25</spage><epage>30</epage><pages>25-30</pages><issn>0958-0670</issn><eissn>1469-445X</eissn><abstract>Determining whether ATP and noradrenaline are released from the same vesicle at mature autonomic neuroeffector junctions is
challenging because of the difficulty of simultaneously detecting the packeted release of these neurotransmitters. Contraction,
overflow and electrophysiology experiments all show that both ATP and noradrenaline are released following field stimulation
(although the ratio might vary) from autonomic nerves in tissues including the vas deferens, rat tail artery and mesenteric
artery. The occurrence of purinergic neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients (NCTs) has been used to detect the packeted release of the neurotransmitter ATP acting on postjunctional P2X receptors
to cause Ca 2+ influx. Neuroeffector Ca 2+ transients can also be used to detect the local effects of noradrenaline through its α 2 -adrenoceptor-mediated prejunctional autoinhibitory effects on nerve terminal Ca 2+ concentration and the probability of exocytosis (measured by counting NCTs). Evidence is presented that exocytosis from sympathetic
varicosities does not occur in a manner independent of the history of that varicosity, but rather that the release of a packet
of ATP transiently suppresses (or predicts the transient suppression of) subsequent release. This could arise by autoinhibition
(by the prejunctional action of noradrenaline or purines) or due to a transient shortage of vesicles readily available for
release. In summary, two high-resolution approaches are proposed to measure the intermittent release of packets of neurotransmitter:
(1) local transient suppression of nerve terminal Ca 2+ transients; and (2) the local and transient inhibition of NCTs to infer local autoinhibition, hence transmitter release.
Such approaches may allow the packeted corelease of ATP and noradrenaline to be investigated without the need to measure both
neurotransmitters directly.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>The Physiological Society</pub><pmid>18805863</pmid><doi>10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043679</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism Animals Calcium - metabolism Mice Muscle, Smooth, Vascular - innervation Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism Norepinephrine - metabolism Purines - metabolism Rats Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology Synaptic Transmission - physiology |
title | Neuroeffector Ca2+ transients for the direct measurement of purine release and indirect measurement of cotransmitters in rodents |
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