Multiple, Recurring Origins of Aposematism and Diet Specialization in Poison Frogs
Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2003-10, Vol.100 (22), p.12792-12797 |
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description | Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is a widespread trait in invertebrate taxa, but, in vertebrates, it is mostly evident in amphibians, reptiles, and fishes. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are one of the most well known examples of the co-occurrence of warning coloration and toxicity. This monophyletic group of mostly diurnal leaf-litter Neotropical anurans has both toxic/colorful and palatable/cryptic species. Previous studies suggested a single origin of toxicity and warning coloration, dividing the family in two discrete groups of primitively cryptic and more derived aposematic frogs. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses using mostly aposematic taxa supported this conclusion and proposed a single tandem origin of toxicity and conspicuous warning coloration. By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P < 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. Specialization on prey, such as ants and termites, may have evolved independently at least two times. |
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The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is a widespread trait in invertebrate taxa, but, in vertebrates, it is mostly evident in amphibians, reptiles, and fishes. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are one of the most well known examples of the co-occurrence of warning coloration and toxicity. This monophyletic group of mostly diurnal leaf-litter Neotropical anurans has both toxic/colorful and palatable/cryptic species. Previous studies suggested a single origin of toxicity and warning coloration, dividing the family in two discrete groups of primitively cryptic and more derived aposematic frogs. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses using mostly aposematic taxa supported this conclusion and proposed a single tandem origin of toxicity and conspicuous warning coloration. By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P < 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. 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The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is a widespread trait in invertebrate taxa, but, in vertebrates, it is mostly evident in amphibians, reptiles, and fishes. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are one of the most well known examples of the co-occurrence of warning coloration and toxicity. This monophyletic group of mostly diurnal leaf-litter Neotropical anurans has both toxic/colorful and palatable/cryptic species. Previous studies suggested a single origin of toxicity and warning coloration, dividing the family in two discrete groups of primitively cryptic and more derived aposematic frogs. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses using mostly aposematic taxa supported this conclusion and proposed a single tandem origin of toxicity and conspicuous warning coloration. By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P < 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. Specialization on prey, such as ants and termites, may have evolved independently at least two times.</description><subject>Alkaloids</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Ants</subject><subject>Anura - classification</subject><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subject>Biological taxonomies</subject><subject>Bufonidae - classification</subject><subject>Colors</subject><subject>Dendrobatidae</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>Evolution, Molecular</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Frogs</subject><subject>In Vitro Techniques</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Poisons</subject><subject>Predation</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>Venoms - analysis</subject><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUGLFDEQhYMo7rh69iISPAiCvVupJN3pg4dldVVYWVn1HLLp9JihO2mTblF_vRlm2FEvQqBC1feKejxCHjM4YdDw0ymYfIKMc4mMAdwhKwYtq2rRwl2yAsCmUgLFEXmQ8wYAWqngPjliQkrZ1HxFrj8sw-ynwb2k184uKfmwplfJr33INPb0bIrZjWb2eaQmdPS1dzP9NDnrzeB_lX4M1Af6MfpcfhcprvNDcq83Q3aP9vWYfLl48_n8XXV59fb9-dllZWWLc9VJ6ThnXCBztVOds8a4rjWm5wxUXZ4AqUzX3zCrkGPNhMPiUljbIaqGH5NXu73TcjO6zrowJzPoKfnRpJ86Gq__ngT_Va_jd40C6narf77Xp_htcXnWo8_WDYMJLi5ZsxaFkggFfPYPuIlLCsWbRigGuFSiQKc7yKaYc3L97SEM9DYrvc1KH7Iqiqd_3n_g9-EUgO6BrfKwDjSiZti0WJAX_0F0vwzD7H7MhX2yYzd5jukW5kwo4C3_Df0FsgU</recordid><startdate>20031028</startdate><enddate>20031028</enddate><creator>Santos, Juan Carlos</creator><creator>Coloma, Luis A.</creator><creator>Cannatella, David C.</creator><general>National Academy of Sciences</general><general>National Acad Sciences</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20031028</creationdate><title>Multiple, Recurring Origins of Aposematism and Diet Specialization in Poison Frogs</title><author>Santos, Juan Carlos ; Coloma, Luis A. ; Cannatella, David C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c592t-d55e3313421e6e8decaaed9aaf310860864058adfb1c8232614e22114ccd22873</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Alkaloids</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Ants</topic><topic>Anura - classification</topic><topic>Biological Sciences</topic><topic>Biological taxonomies</topic><topic>Bufonidae - classification</topic><topic>Colors</topic><topic>Dendrobatidae</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Evolution</topic><topic>Evolution, Molecular</topic><topic>Freshwater</topic><topic>Frogs</topic><topic>In Vitro Techniques</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Poisons</topic><topic>Predation</topic><topic>Species Specificity</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Toxins</topic><topic>Venoms - analysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Santos, Juan Carlos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coloma, Luis A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cannatella, David C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Santos, Juan Carlos</au><au>Coloma, Luis A.</au><au>Cannatella, David C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Multiple, Recurring Origins of Aposematism and Diet Specialization in Poison Frogs</atitle><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><date>2003-10-28</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>100</volume><issue>22</issue><spage>12792</spage><epage>12797</epage><pages>12792-12797</pages><issn>0027-8424</issn><eissn>1091-6490</eissn><abstract>Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is a widespread trait in invertebrate taxa, but, in vertebrates, it is mostly evident in amphibians, reptiles, and fishes. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are one of the most well known examples of the co-occurrence of warning coloration and toxicity. This monophyletic group of mostly diurnal leaf-litter Neotropical anurans has both toxic/colorful and palatable/cryptic species. Previous studies suggested a single origin of toxicity and warning coloration, dividing the family in two discrete groups of primitively cryptic and more derived aposematic frogs. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses using mostly aposematic taxa supported this conclusion and proposed a single tandem origin of toxicity and conspicuous warning coloration. By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P < 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. Specialization on prey, such as ants and termites, may have evolved independently at least two times.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Academy of Sciences</pub><pmid>14555763</pmid><doi>10.1073/pnas.2133521100</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Alkaloids Animals Ants Anura - classification Biological Sciences Biological taxonomies Bufonidae - classification Colors Dendrobatidae Diet Evolution Evolution, Molecular Freshwater Frogs In Vitro Techniques Models, Biological Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Poisons Predation Species Specificity Toxicity Toxins Venoms - analysis |
title | Multiple, Recurring Origins of Aposematism and Diet Specialization in Poison Frogs |
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