Multiple, Recurring Origins of Aposematism and Diet Specialization in Poison Frogs

Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is...

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Veröffentlicht in:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2003-10, Vol.100 (22), p.12792-12797
Hauptverfasser: Santos, Juan Carlos, Coloma, Luis A., Cannatella, David C.
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Coloma, Luis A.
Cannatella, David C.
description Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is a widespread trait in invertebrate taxa, but, in vertebrates, it is mostly evident in amphibians, reptiles, and fishes. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are one of the most well known examples of the co-occurrence of warning coloration and toxicity. This monophyletic group of mostly diurnal leaf-litter Neotropical anurans has both toxic/colorful and palatable/cryptic species. Previous studies suggested a single origin of toxicity and warning coloration, dividing the family in two discrete groups of primitively cryptic and more derived aposematic frogs. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses using mostly aposematic taxa supported this conclusion and proposed a single tandem origin of toxicity and conspicuous warning coloration. By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P < 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. Specialization on prey, such as ants and termites, may have evolved independently at least two times.
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By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P &lt; 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. 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By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P &lt; 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. 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subjects Alkaloids
Animals
Ants
Anura - classification
Biological Sciences
Biological taxonomies
Bufonidae - classification
Colors
Dendrobatidae
Diet
Evolution
Evolution, Molecular
Freshwater
Frogs
In Vitro Techniques
Models, Biological
Molecular Sequence Data
Phylogeny
Poisons
Predation
Species Specificity
Toxicity
Toxins
Venoms - analysis
title Multiple, Recurring Origins of Aposematism and Diet Specialization in Poison Frogs
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