Adipose tissue at entheses: the innervation and cell composition of the retromalleolar fat pad associated with the rat Achilles tendon
This study set out to determine whether the fat pad at the attachment of the Achilles tendon has features enabling it to function as an immune organ and a mechanosensory device, and to be a source of pain in insertional tendon injuries. Sections for histology and immunohistochemistry were cut from t...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of anatomy 2007-10, Vol.211 (4), p.436-443 |
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description | This study set out to determine whether the fat pad at the attachment of the Achilles tendon has features enabling it to function as an immune organ and a mechanosensory device, and to be a source of pain in insertional tendon injuries. Sections for histology and immunohistochemistry were cut from the Achilles tendon enthesis organ of 1 day old, 1 month, 4 month and 24 month old rats. For fluorescence and peroxidase immunohistochemistry, cryosections were labelled with primary antibodies directed against PGP9.5, substance P, neurofilament 200, calcitonin gene related peptide, CD68, CD36, myeloid related protein 14, actin and vinculin. The fat pad contained not only adipocytes, but also fibrous tissue, mast cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and occasional fibrocartilage cells. It was richly innervated with nerve fibres, some of which were likely to be nociceptive, and others mechanoreceptive (myelinated fibres, immunoreactive for neurofilament 200). The fibres lay between individual fat cells and in association with blood vessels. In marked contrast, the enthesis itself and all other components of the enthesis organ were aneural at all ages. The presence of putative mechanoreceptive and nociceptive nerve endings between individual fat cells supports the hypothesis that the fat pad has a proprioceptive role monitoring changes in the insertional angle of the Achilles tendon and that it may be a source of pain in tendon injuries. The abundance of macrophages suggests that the adipose tissue could have a role in combating infection and/or removing debris from the retrocalcaneal bursa. |
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M. ; Santer, R. M. ; Watson, A. H. D. ; Benjamin, M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Shaw, H. M. ; Santer, R. M. ; Watson, A. H. D. ; Benjamin, M.</creatorcontrib><description>This study set out to determine whether the fat pad at the attachment of the Achilles tendon has features enabling it to function as an immune organ and a mechanosensory device, and to be a source of pain in insertional tendon injuries. Sections for histology and immunohistochemistry were cut from the Achilles tendon enthesis organ of 1 day old, 1 month, 4 month and 24 month old rats. For fluorescence and peroxidase immunohistochemistry, cryosections were labelled with primary antibodies directed against PGP9.5, substance P, neurofilament 200, calcitonin gene related peptide, CD68, CD36, myeloid related protein 14, actin and vinculin. The fat pad contained not only adipocytes, but also fibrous tissue, mast cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and occasional fibrocartilage cells. It was richly innervated with nerve fibres, some of which were likely to be nociceptive, and others mechanoreceptive (myelinated fibres, immunoreactive for neurofilament 200). The fibres lay between individual fat cells and in association with blood vessels. In marked contrast, the enthesis itself and all other components of the enthesis organ were aneural at all ages. The presence of putative mechanoreceptive and nociceptive nerve endings between individual fat cells supports the hypothesis that the fat pad has a proprioceptive role monitoring changes in the insertional angle of the Achilles tendon and that it may be a source of pain in tendon injuries. The abundance of macrophages suggests that the adipose tissue could have a role in combating infection and/or removing debris from the retrocalcaneal bursa.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8782</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-7580</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00791.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17680787</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Achilles tendon ; Achilles Tendon - anatomy & histology ; adipose tissue ; Adipose Tissue - anatomy & histology ; Adipose Tissue - immunology ; Adipose Tissue - innervation ; Animals ; Antigens, CD - analysis ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic - analysis ; Biomarkers - analysis ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide - analysis ; Collagen - analysis ; Elastic Tissue - anatomy & histology ; entheses ; Fibrocartilage - anatomy & histology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Immunohistochemistry ; innervation ; Macrophages - cytology ; Male ; Original ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; spondyloarthropathies ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase - analysis</subject><ispartof>Journal of anatomy, 2007-10, Vol.211 (4), p.436-443</ispartof><rights>2007 The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2007</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5021-f1aaebb9813a16074369b145c7c829c7e99c6506203028f3452b4c3450ebf7563</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5021-f1aaebb9813a16074369b145c7c829c7e99c6506203028f3452b4c3450ebf7563</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375826/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375826/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,1416,1432,27923,27924,45573,45574,46408,46832,53790,53792</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17680787$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shaw, H. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santer, R. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watson, A. H. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benjamin, M.</creatorcontrib><title>Adipose tissue at entheses: the innervation and cell composition of the retromalleolar fat pad associated with the rat Achilles tendon</title><title>Journal of anatomy</title><addtitle>J Anat</addtitle><description>This study set out to determine whether the fat pad at the attachment of the Achilles tendon has features enabling it to function as an immune organ and a mechanosensory device, and to be a source of pain in insertional tendon injuries. Sections for histology and immunohistochemistry were cut from the Achilles tendon enthesis organ of 1 day old, 1 month, 4 month and 24 month old rats. For fluorescence and peroxidase immunohistochemistry, cryosections were labelled with primary antibodies directed against PGP9.5, substance P, neurofilament 200, calcitonin gene related peptide, CD68, CD36, myeloid related protein 14, actin and vinculin. The fat pad contained not only adipocytes, but also fibrous tissue, mast cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and occasional fibrocartilage cells. It was richly innervated with nerve fibres, some of which were likely to be nociceptive, and others mechanoreceptive (myelinated fibres, immunoreactive for neurofilament 200). The fibres lay between individual fat cells and in association with blood vessels. In marked contrast, the enthesis itself and all other components of the enthesis organ were aneural at all ages. The presence of putative mechanoreceptive and nociceptive nerve endings between individual fat cells supports the hypothesis that the fat pad has a proprioceptive role monitoring changes in the insertional angle of the Achilles tendon and that it may be a source of pain in tendon injuries. The abundance of macrophages suggests that the adipose tissue could have a role in combating infection and/or removing debris from the retrocalcaneal bursa.</description><subject>Achilles tendon</subject><subject>Achilles Tendon - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>adipose tissue</subject><subject>Adipose Tissue - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Adipose Tissue - immunology</subject><subject>Adipose Tissue - innervation</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antigens, CD - analysis</subject><subject>Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic - analysis</subject><subject>Biomarkers - analysis</subject><subject>Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide - analysis</subject><subject>Collagen - analysis</subject><subject>Elastic Tissue - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>entheses</subject><subject>Fibrocartilage - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</subject><subject>Immunohistochemistry</subject><subject>innervation</subject><subject>Macrophages - cytology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Wistar</subject><subject>spondyloarthropathies</subject><subject>Ubiquitin Thiolesterase - analysis</subject><issn>0021-8782</issn><issn>1469-7580</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc9u1DAQxi1ERZfCKyCfuG06dhLbQQhpVdECqtQLnC3HmbBeJfZiZ_vnBXjuOrurAic6kjWW5zefPPMRQhkULMf5pmCVaJayVlBwAFnk07Di_gVZPBVekgUAZ0slFT8lr1PaALASmuoVOWVSKJBKLsjvVee2ISGdXEo7pGai6Kc1JkwfaM7UeY_x1kwueGp8Ry0OA7VhzE1u_xj6PRdximE0w4BhMJH2WWhrOmpSCtaZCTt656b1Ac21lV27zCY6oe-Cf0NOejMkfHvMZ-TH5efvF1-W1zdXXy9W10tbz7P0zBhs20ax0jABsipF07KqttIq3liJTWNFDYJDCVz1ZVXztrI5Aba9rEV5Rj4ddLe7dsTO5lmjGfQ2utHEBx2M0_9WvFvrn-FW8zLvlM8C748CMfzaYZr06NK8E-Mx7JIWqgQQVf1fkIOsc_AMqgNoY0gpYv_0GwZ6dltv9Gyqnk3Vs9t677a-z63v_p7mT-PR3gx8PAB3bsCHZwvrbzerfCkfAQPIuzc</recordid><startdate>200710</startdate><enddate>200710</enddate><creator>Shaw, H. M.</creator><creator>Santer, R. M.</creator><creator>Watson, A. H. D.</creator><creator>Benjamin, M.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Science Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200710</creationdate><title>Adipose tissue at entheses: the innervation and cell composition of the retromalleolar fat pad associated with the rat Achilles tendon</title><author>Shaw, H. M. ; Santer, R. M. ; Watson, A. H. D. ; Benjamin, M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5021-f1aaebb9813a16074369b145c7c829c7e99c6506203028f3452b4c3450ebf7563</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Achilles tendon</topic><topic>Achilles Tendon - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>adipose tissue</topic><topic>Adipose Tissue - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Adipose Tissue - immunology</topic><topic>Adipose Tissue - innervation</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antigens, CD - analysis</topic><topic>Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic - analysis</topic><topic>Biomarkers - analysis</topic><topic>Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide - analysis</topic><topic>Collagen - analysis</topic><topic>Elastic Tissue - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>entheses</topic><topic>Fibrocartilage - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</topic><topic>Immunohistochemistry</topic><topic>innervation</topic><topic>Macrophages - cytology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Wistar</topic><topic>spondyloarthropathies</topic><topic>Ubiquitin Thiolesterase - analysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Shaw, H. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santer, R. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watson, A. H. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benjamin, M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of anatomy</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shaw, H. M.</au><au>Santer, R. M.</au><au>Watson, A. H. D.</au><au>Benjamin, M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Adipose tissue at entheses: the innervation and cell composition of the retromalleolar fat pad associated with the rat Achilles tendon</atitle><jtitle>Journal of anatomy</jtitle><addtitle>J Anat</addtitle><date>2007-10</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>211</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>436</spage><epage>443</epage><pages>436-443</pages><issn>0021-8782</issn><eissn>1469-7580</eissn><abstract>This study set out to determine whether the fat pad at the attachment of the Achilles tendon has features enabling it to function as an immune organ and a mechanosensory device, and to be a source of pain in insertional tendon injuries. Sections for histology and immunohistochemistry were cut from the Achilles tendon enthesis organ of 1 day old, 1 month, 4 month and 24 month old rats. For fluorescence and peroxidase immunohistochemistry, cryosections were labelled with primary antibodies directed against PGP9.5, substance P, neurofilament 200, calcitonin gene related peptide, CD68, CD36, myeloid related protein 14, actin and vinculin. The fat pad contained not only adipocytes, but also fibrous tissue, mast cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and occasional fibrocartilage cells. It was richly innervated with nerve fibres, some of which were likely to be nociceptive, and others mechanoreceptive (myelinated fibres, immunoreactive for neurofilament 200). The fibres lay between individual fat cells and in association with blood vessels. In marked contrast, the enthesis itself and all other components of the enthesis organ were aneural at all ages. The presence of putative mechanoreceptive and nociceptive nerve endings between individual fat cells supports the hypothesis that the fat pad has a proprioceptive role monitoring changes in the insertional angle of the Achilles tendon and that it may be a source of pain in tendon injuries. The abundance of macrophages suggests that the adipose tissue could have a role in combating infection and/or removing debris from the retrocalcaneal bursa.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>17680787</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00791.x</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Achilles tendon Achilles Tendon - anatomy & histology adipose tissue Adipose Tissue - anatomy & histology Adipose Tissue - immunology Adipose Tissue - innervation Animals Antigens, CD - analysis Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic - analysis Biomarkers - analysis Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide - analysis Collagen - analysis Elastic Tissue - anatomy & histology entheses Fibrocartilage - anatomy & histology Fluorescent Antibody Technique Immunohistochemistry innervation Macrophages - cytology Male Original Rats Rats, Wistar spondyloarthropathies Ubiquitin Thiolesterase - analysis |
title | Adipose tissue at entheses: the innervation and cell composition of the retromalleolar fat pad associated with the rat Achilles tendon |
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