The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area
Objective: Rats exposed to high airborne mass concentrations of low-solubility low-toxicity particles (LSLTP) have been reported to develop lung disease such as fibrosis and lung cancer. These particles are regulated on a mass basis in occupational settings, but mass might not be the appropriate met...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England) England), 2007-09, Vol.64 (9), p.609-615 |
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| creator | Monteiller, Claire Tran, Lang MacNee, William Faux, Steve Jones, Alan Miller, Brian Donaldson, Ken |
| description | Objective: Rats exposed to high airborne mass concentrations of low-solubility low-toxicity particles (LSLTP) have been reported to develop lung disease such as fibrosis and lung cancer. These particles are regulated on a mass basis in occupational settings, but mass might not be the appropriate metric as animal studies have shown that nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) produce a stronger adverse effect than fine particles when delivered on an equal mass basis. Methods: This study investigated whether the surface area is a better descriptor than mass of LSLTP of their ability to stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in vitro. In a human alveolar epithelial type II-like cell line, A549, we measured interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA, IL8 protein release and glutathione (GSH) depletion as markers of pro-inflammatory effects and oxidative stress after treatment with a range of LSLTP (fine and nanoparticles) and DQ12 quartz, a particle with a highly reactive surface. Results: In all the assays, nanoparticle preparations of titanium dioxide (TiO2-np) and of carbon black (CB-np) produced much stronger pro-inflammatory responses than the same mass dose of fine TiO2 and CB. The results of the GSH assay confirmed that oxidative stress was involved in the response to all the particles, and two ultra-fine metal dusts (cobalt and nickel) produced GSH depletion similar to TiO2-np, for similar surface-area dose. As expected, DQ12 quartz was more inflammatory than the low toxicity dusts, on both a mass and surface-area basis. Conclusion: Dose–response relationships observed in the in vitro assays appeared to be directly comparable with dose–response relationships in vivo when the doses were similarly standardised. Both sets of data suggested a threshold in dose measured as surface area of particles relative to the surface area of the exposed cells, at around 1–10 cm2/cm2. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that surface area is a more appropriate dose metric than mass for the pro-inflammatory effects of LSLTP in vitro and in vivo, and consequently that the high surface area of nanoparticles is a key factor in their inflammogenicity. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/oem.2005.024802 |
| format | Article |
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These particles are regulated on a mass basis in occupational settings, but mass might not be the appropriate metric as animal studies have shown that nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) produce a stronger adverse effect than fine particles when delivered on an equal mass basis. Methods: This study investigated whether the surface area is a better descriptor than mass of LSLTP of their ability to stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in vitro. In a human alveolar epithelial type II-like cell line, A549, we measured interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA, IL8 protein release and glutathione (GSH) depletion as markers of pro-inflammatory effects and oxidative stress after treatment with a range of LSLTP (fine and nanoparticles) and DQ12 quartz, a particle with a highly reactive surface. Results: In all the assays, nanoparticle preparations of titanium dioxide (TiO2-np) and of carbon black (CB-np) produced much stronger pro-inflammatory responses than the same mass dose of fine TiO2 and CB. The results of the GSH assay confirmed that oxidative stress was involved in the response to all the particles, and two ultra-fine metal dusts (cobalt and nickel) produced GSH depletion similar to TiO2-np, for similar surface-area dose. As expected, DQ12 quartz was more inflammatory than the low toxicity dusts, on both a mass and surface-area basis. Conclusion: Dose–response relationships observed in the in vitro assays appeared to be directly comparable with dose–response relationships in vivo when the doses were similarly standardised. Both sets of data suggested a threshold in dose measured as surface area of particles relative to the surface area of the exposed cells, at around 1–10 cm2/cm2. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that surface area is a more appropriate dose metric than mass for the pro-inflammatory effects of LSLTP in vitro and in vivo, and consequently that the high surface area of nanoparticles is a key factor in their inflammogenicity.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1351-0711</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1470-7926</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.024802</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17409182</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><subject>activator protein-1 ; Air ; alveolar macrophage ; AP-1 ; barium sulphate ; BaSO4 ; Biological and medical sciences ; Black carbon ; Carbon black ; Cell lines ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; Cobalt ; DMEM ; Dosage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium ; Environmental pollutants toxicology ; Epithelial Cells ; FCS ; fetal calf serum ; GAPDH ; glutathione ; Glutathione - metabolism ; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ; GSH ; Humans ; IL8 ; Inflammation ; Inhalation Exposure - adverse effects ; Inhalation Exposure - analysis ; Inorganic dusts (pneumoconiosises) and organic dusts (byssinosis etc.) ; interleukin ; Interleukin-8 - metabolism ; Laboratories ; lactate dehydrogenase ; LDH ; low-solubility low-toxicity particles ; LSLTP ; Lung cancer ; Lung Neoplasms - etiology ; Lungs ; Medical sciences ; Messenger RNA ; nanoparticle ; Nanoparticles ; Nanoparticles - toxicity ; Nickel ; nuclear factor ; Original ; Oxidative Stress ; Particle mass ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter - toxicity ; Proteins ; Pulmonary Fibrosis - etiology ; Quartz ; Quartz - analysis ; reactive oxygen species ; Respiratory Mucosa - drug effects ; RNA, Messenger - metabolism ; ROS ; Solubility ; Surface area ; Surface areas ; TiO2 ; Titanium ; Titanium - toxicity ; Titanium dioxide ; Toxicity ; Toxicology</subject><ispartof>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England), 2007-09, Vol.64 (9), p.609-615</ispartof><rights>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</rights><rights>Copyright 2007 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.</rights><rights>2007 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright: 2007 (c) Occupational and Environmental Medicine</rights><rights>Copyright © 2007 BMJ Publishing Group</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b641t-8c93fca0edfe75afedcdc5122ed6c00370f2e246adc4152698b43fc6f48bccbd3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b641t-8c93fca0edfe75afedcdc5122ed6c00370f2e246adc4152698b43fc6f48bccbd3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://oem.bmj.com/content/64/9/609.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://oem.bmj.com/content/64/9/609.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>114,115,230,314,725,778,782,801,883,3185,23558,27911,27912,53778,53780,58004,58237,77355,77386</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18986686$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409182$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Monteiller, Claire</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Lang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacNee, William</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faux, Steve</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Donaldson, Ken</creatorcontrib><title>The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area</title><title>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</title><addtitle>Occup Environ Med</addtitle><description>Objective: Rats exposed to high airborne mass concentrations of low-solubility low-toxicity particles (LSLTP) have been reported to develop lung disease such as fibrosis and lung cancer. These particles are regulated on a mass basis in occupational settings, but mass might not be the appropriate metric as animal studies have shown that nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) produce a stronger adverse effect than fine particles when delivered on an equal mass basis. Methods: This study investigated whether the surface area is a better descriptor than mass of LSLTP of their ability to stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in vitro. In a human alveolar epithelial type II-like cell line, A549, we measured interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA, IL8 protein release and glutathione (GSH) depletion as markers of pro-inflammatory effects and oxidative stress after treatment with a range of LSLTP (fine and nanoparticles) and DQ12 quartz, a particle with a highly reactive surface. Results: In all the assays, nanoparticle preparations of titanium dioxide (TiO2-np) and of carbon black (CB-np) produced much stronger pro-inflammatory responses than the same mass dose of fine TiO2 and CB. The results of the GSH assay confirmed that oxidative stress was involved in the response to all the particles, and two ultra-fine metal dusts (cobalt and nickel) produced GSH depletion similar to TiO2-np, for similar surface-area dose. As expected, DQ12 quartz was more inflammatory than the low toxicity dusts, on both a mass and surface-area basis. Conclusion: Dose–response relationships observed in the in vitro assays appeared to be directly comparable with dose–response relationships in vivo when the doses were similarly standardised. Both sets of data suggested a threshold in dose measured as surface area of particles relative to the surface area of the exposed cells, at around 1–10 cm2/cm2. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that surface area is a more appropriate dose metric than mass for the pro-inflammatory effects of LSLTP in vitro and in vivo, and consequently that the high surface area of nanoparticles is a key factor in their inflammogenicity.</description><subject>activator protein-1</subject><subject>Air</subject><subject>alveolar macrophage</subject><subject>AP-1</subject><subject>barium sulphate</subject><subject>BaSO4</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Black carbon</subject><subject>Carbon black</subject><subject>Cell lines</subject><subject>Cells, Cultured</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>Cobalt</subject><subject>DMEM</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium</subject><subject>Environmental pollutants toxicology</subject><subject>Epithelial Cells</subject><subject>FCS</subject><subject>fetal calf serum</subject><subject>GAPDH</subject><subject>glutathione</subject><subject>Glutathione - metabolism</subject><subject>glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</subject><subject>GSH</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>IL8</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inhalation Exposure - adverse effects</subject><subject>Inhalation Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Inorganic dusts (pneumoconiosises) and organic dusts (byssinosis etc.)</subject><subject>interleukin</subject><subject>Interleukin-8 - metabolism</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>lactate dehydrogenase</subject><subject>LDH</subject><subject>low-solubility low-toxicity particles</subject><subject>LSLTP</subject><subject>Lung cancer</subject><subject>Lung Neoplasms - etiology</subject><subject>Lungs</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Messenger RNA</subject><subject>nanoparticle</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Nanoparticles - toxicity</subject><subject>Nickel</subject><subject>nuclear factor</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Oxidative Stress</subject><subject>Particle mass</subject><subject>Particle Size</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - toxicity</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Pulmonary Fibrosis - etiology</subject><subject>Quartz</subject><subject>Quartz - analysis</subject><subject>reactive oxygen species</subject><subject>Respiratory Mucosa - drug effects</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>ROS</subject><subject>Solubility</subject><subject>Surface area</subject><subject>Surface areas</subject><subject>TiO2</subject><subject>Titanium</subject><subject>Titanium - toxicity</subject><subject>Titanium dioxide</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><issn>1351-0711</issn><issn>1470-7926</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFksFvFCEUxidGY2v17ElDYvRgnC0wMzB4MDGrVZNV06R6JQzzcFkZWGGmdv8a_1VZd7OtXjzB4_u9B18-iuIhwTNCKnYaYJhRjJsZpnWL6a3imNQcl1xQdjvvq4aUmBNyVNxLaYUxqXhF7xZHhNdYkJYeF78uloDWMZTWG6eGQY0hbhAYA3pMKBjkws9yDFdW23Hzp0jBTZ1123Kt4mi1g_QCeeXDoUTK98hYDzeJ4BGs7bgEZ5VDGpxLyHp0accYXqJ8jmJwsL0yTdEoDUhFUPeLO0a5BA_260nx5eztxfx9ufj87sP89aLsWE3GstWiMlph6A3wRhnoda8bQin0TGNccWwo0JqpXtekoUy0XZ0bmKnbTuuur06KV7u566kbcjf4MSon19EOKm5kUFb-rXi7lN_CpaRY0IaRPODZfkAMPyZIoxxs2rpUHsKUMkcF51hk8Mk_4CpM0WdzkvCW0LYVAmfqdEfpGFKKYA5PIVhuo5c5ermNXu6izx2Pbzq45vdZZ-DpHlBJK2ei8tqma64VLWMty9yjHbdK-TMcdMrz3xGiyXq5020a4eqgq_hdMl7xRn76OpdnH8_PmzcYy0Xmn-_4blj918VvMhfiBA</recordid><startdate>20070901</startdate><enddate>20070901</enddate><creator>Monteiller, Claire</creator><creator>Tran, Lang</creator><creator>MacNee, William</creator><creator>Faux, Steve</creator><creator>Jones, Alan</creator><creator>Miller, Brian</creator><creator>Donaldson, Ken</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>BMJ Group</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20070901</creationdate><title>The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area</title><author>Monteiller, Claire ; Tran, Lang ; MacNee, William ; Faux, Steve ; Jones, Alan ; Miller, Brian ; Donaldson, Ken</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b641t-8c93fca0edfe75afedcdc5122ed6c00370f2e246adc4152698b43fc6f48bccbd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>activator protein-1</topic><topic>Air</topic><topic>alveolar macrophage</topic><topic>AP-1</topic><topic>barium sulphate</topic><topic>BaSO4</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Black carbon</topic><topic>Carbon black</topic><topic>Cell lines</topic><topic>Cells, Cultured</topic><topic>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>Cobalt</topic><topic>DMEM</topic><topic>Dosage</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium</topic><topic>Environmental pollutants toxicology</topic><topic>Epithelial Cells</topic><topic>FCS</topic><topic>fetal calf serum</topic><topic>GAPDH</topic><topic>glutathione</topic><topic>Glutathione - metabolism</topic><topic>glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</topic><topic>GSH</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>IL8</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inhalation Exposure - adverse effects</topic><topic>Inhalation Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Inorganic dusts (pneumoconiosises) and organic dusts (byssinosis etc.)</topic><topic>interleukin</topic><topic>Interleukin-8 - metabolism</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>lactate dehydrogenase</topic><topic>LDH</topic><topic>low-solubility low-toxicity particles</topic><topic>LSLTP</topic><topic>Lung cancer</topic><topic>Lung Neoplasms - etiology</topic><topic>Lungs</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Messenger RNA</topic><topic>nanoparticle</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Nanoparticles - toxicity</topic><topic>Nickel</topic><topic>nuclear factor</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Oxidative Stress</topic><topic>Particle mass</topic><topic>Particle Size</topic><topic>Particulate Matter - toxicity</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Pulmonary Fibrosis - etiology</topic><topic>Quartz</topic><topic>Quartz - analysis</topic><topic>reactive oxygen species</topic><topic>Respiratory Mucosa - drug effects</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</topic><topic>ROS</topic><topic>Solubility</topic><topic>Surface area</topic><topic>Surface areas</topic><topic>TiO2</topic><topic>Titanium</topic><topic>Titanium - toxicity</topic><topic>Titanium dioxide</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Monteiller, Claire</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Lang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacNee, William</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faux, Steve</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Donaldson, Ken</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech 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Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Monteiller, Claire</au><au>Tran, Lang</au><au>MacNee, William</au><au>Faux, Steve</au><au>Jones, Alan</au><au>Miller, Brian</au><au>Donaldson, Ken</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area</atitle><jtitle>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</jtitle><addtitle>Occup Environ Med</addtitle><date>2007-09-01</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>64</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>609</spage><epage>615</epage><pages>609-615</pages><issn>1351-0711</issn><eissn>1470-7926</eissn><abstract>Objective: Rats exposed to high airborne mass concentrations of low-solubility low-toxicity particles (LSLTP) have been reported to develop lung disease such as fibrosis and lung cancer. These particles are regulated on a mass basis in occupational settings, but mass might not be the appropriate metric as animal studies have shown that nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) produce a stronger adverse effect than fine particles when delivered on an equal mass basis. Methods: This study investigated whether the surface area is a better descriptor than mass of LSLTP of their ability to stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in vitro. In a human alveolar epithelial type II-like cell line, A549, we measured interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA, IL8 protein release and glutathione (GSH) depletion as markers of pro-inflammatory effects and oxidative stress after treatment with a range of LSLTP (fine and nanoparticles) and DQ12 quartz, a particle with a highly reactive surface. Results: In all the assays, nanoparticle preparations of titanium dioxide (TiO2-np) and of carbon black (CB-np) produced much stronger pro-inflammatory responses than the same mass dose of fine TiO2 and CB. The results of the GSH assay confirmed that oxidative stress was involved in the response to all the particles, and two ultra-fine metal dusts (cobalt and nickel) produced GSH depletion similar to TiO2-np, for similar surface-area dose. As expected, DQ12 quartz was more inflammatory than the low toxicity dusts, on both a mass and surface-area basis. Conclusion: Dose–response relationships observed in the in vitro assays appeared to be directly comparable with dose–response relationships in vivo when the doses were similarly standardised. Both sets of data suggested a threshold in dose measured as surface area of particles relative to the surface area of the exposed cells, at around 1–10 cm2/cm2. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that surface area is a more appropriate dose metric than mass for the pro-inflammatory effects of LSLTP in vitro and in vivo, and consequently that the high surface area of nanoparticles is a key factor in their inflammogenicity.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</pub><pmid>17409182</pmid><doi>10.1136/oem.2005.024802</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England), 2007-09, Vol.64 (9), p.609-615 |
| issn | 1351-0711 1470-7926 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_2092561 |
| source | MEDLINE; BMJ Journals - NESLi2; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Jstor Complete Legacy; PubMed Central |
| subjects | activator protein-1 Air alveolar macrophage AP-1 barium sulphate BaSO4 Biological and medical sciences Black carbon Carbon black Cell lines Cells, Cultured Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Cobalt DMEM Dosage Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium Environmental pollutants toxicology Epithelial Cells FCS fetal calf serum GAPDH glutathione Glutathione - metabolism glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate GSH Humans IL8 Inflammation Inhalation Exposure - adverse effects Inhalation Exposure - analysis Inorganic dusts (pneumoconiosises) and organic dusts (byssinosis etc.) interleukin Interleukin-8 - metabolism Laboratories lactate dehydrogenase LDH low-solubility low-toxicity particles LSLTP Lung cancer Lung Neoplasms - etiology Lungs Medical sciences Messenger RNA nanoparticle Nanoparticles Nanoparticles - toxicity Nickel nuclear factor Original Oxidative Stress Particle mass Particle Size Particulate Matter - toxicity Proteins Pulmonary Fibrosis - etiology Quartz Quartz - analysis reactive oxygen species Respiratory Mucosa - drug effects RNA, Messenger - metabolism ROS Solubility Surface area Surface areas TiO2 Titanium Titanium - toxicity Titanium dioxide Toxicity Toxicology |
| title | The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-16T00%3A29%3A21IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20pro-inflammatory%20effects%20of%20low-toxicity%20low-solubility%20particles,%20nanoparticles%20and%20fine%20particles,%20on%20epithelial%20cells%20in%20vitro:%20the%20role%20of%20surface%20area&rft.jtitle=Occupational%20and%20environmental%20medicine%20(London,%20England)&rft.au=Monteiller,%20Claire&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=609&rft.epage=615&rft.pages=609-615&rft.issn=1351-0711&rft.eissn=1470-7926&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136/oem.2005.024802&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_pubme%3E27732995%3C/jstor_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1781288990&rft_id=info:pmid/17409182&rft_jstor_id=27732995&rfr_iscdi=true |