Studies on the pathogenesis of avian rickets II. Necrosis of perforating epiphyseal vessels during recovery from rickets in chicks caused by vitamin D3 deficiency

This study involved comparison of the distribution and integrity of perforating epiphyseal and marrow vessels with the stage of development and integrity of chondrocytes and the distribution of insoluble calcium in the proximal tibial growth plate of 3-week-old vitamin-D3-deficient hypocalcemic chicks and 3-week-old D3-deficient chicks 12, 36, 72, and 120 hours after an oral dose of 10,000 units vitamin D3. The aim was to clarify the mechanisms responsible for chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage calcification in the avian growth plate. Within 12 hours after administration of vitamin D3, serum calcium levels rose to normocalcemic levels. The following morphologic changes were first recognizable at the times indicated. Distal portions of previously elongated perforating epiphyseal vessels and adjacent proliferative and maturing chondrocytes underwent necrosis by 12 hours. Chondrocyte necrosis was not preceded by hypertrophy. By 36 hours, vascular and chondrocyte necrosis involved large portions of the thickened proliferating and maturing zone, and perforating epiphyseal vessels were shortened to a normal length. By 72 hours, chondrocyte hypertrophy and calcification resumed around the shortened epiphyseal vessels. By 120 hours, marrow had removed the necrotic cartilage, and morphologically normal growth plate was restored, with perforating epiphyseal and marrow vessels, both ending in a narrow hypertropic cartilage zone. The results indicate that proximity of chondrocytes to perforating epiphyseal vessels is necessary for their viability, but loss of these vessels does not cause hypertrophy. Since hypertrophy and calcification both occur in the proximity of perforating epiphyseal vessels in normocalcemic animals but not in hypocalcemic animals, it is likely that the vessels influence hypertrophy and calcification by delivering calcium to chondrocytes.