Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin
Background/Aims: The gastric peptide ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth-hormone secretagogue receptor, has two major molecular forms: acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, while desacyl ghrelin has been reported to be devoid of any endocrine...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Gut 2005-01, Vol.54 (1), p.18-24 |
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| creator | Asakawa, A Inui, A Fujimiya, M Sakamaki, R Shinfuku, N Ueta, Y Meguid, M M Kasuga, M |
| description | Background/Aims: The gastric peptide ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth-hormone secretagogue receptor, has two major molecular forms: acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, while desacyl ghrelin has been reported to be devoid of any endocrine activities. The authors examined the effects of desacyl ghrelin on energy balance. Methods: The authors measured food intake, gastric emptying, c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus, and gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice after administration of desacyl ghrelin. To explore the effects of long term overexpression of desacyl ghrelin, transgenic mice that overexpressed desacyl ghrelin were created. Results: Administration of desacyl ghrelin decreased food intake and gastric emptying rate through an action on the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. Gene expression of anorexigenic cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and urocortin in the hypothalamus was increased by desacyl ghrelin. Desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice exhibited a decrease in body weight, food intake, and fat pad mass weight accompanied by moderately decreased linear growth. Gastric emptying was also decreased in desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in contrast to acylated ghrelin, desacyl ghrelin induces a negative energy balance by decreasing food intake and delaying gastric emptying. The effect is mediated via the hypothalamus. Although derived from the same precursor, the inverse effects of these two peptides suggest that the stomach might be involved as an endocrine organ in the regulation of the energy balance. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/gut.2004.038737 |
| format | Article |
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Acylated ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, while desacyl ghrelin has been reported to be devoid of any endocrine activities. The authors examined the effects of desacyl ghrelin on energy balance. Methods: The authors measured food intake, gastric emptying, c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus, and gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice after administration of desacyl ghrelin. To explore the effects of long term overexpression of desacyl ghrelin, transgenic mice that overexpressed desacyl ghrelin were created. Results: Administration of desacyl ghrelin decreased food intake and gastric emptying rate through an action on the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. Gene expression of anorexigenic cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and urocortin in the hypothalamus was increased by desacyl ghrelin. Desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice exhibited a decrease in body weight, food intake, and fat pad mass weight accompanied by moderately decreased linear growth. Gastric emptying was also decreased in desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in contrast to acylated ghrelin, desacyl ghrelin induces a negative energy balance by decreasing food intake and delaying gastric emptying. The effect is mediated via the hypothalamus. Although derived from the same precursor, the inverse effects of these two peptides suggest that the stomach might be involved as an endocrine organ in the regulation of the energy balance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0017-5749</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-3288</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1458-3288</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.038737</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15591499</identifier><identifier>CODEN: GUTTAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology</publisher><subject>Acetylation ; ACSF ; agouti related protein ; AGRP ; Animals ; ARC ; arcuate nucleus ; artificial cerebrospinal fluid ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Temperature - physiology ; body weight ; Body Weight - physiology ; Bone marrow ; CART ; cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript ; corticotrophin releasing factor ; CRF ; DNA, Complementary - genetics ; Eating - drug effects ; Eating - physiology ; Energy Metabolism - drug effects ; Energy Metabolism - physiology ; Experiments ; FFA ; Food ; food intake ; free fatty acids ; G3PDH ; Gastric Emptying - drug effects ; Gastric Emptying - physiology ; gastric peptide ; Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen ; Ghrelin ; GHS-R ; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; growth hormone secretagogue receptor ; Growth hormones ; hypothalamus ; Hypothalamus - physiology ; ICV ; intra-third cerebroventricular(ly) ; Ligands ; Male ; MCH ; Medical sciences ; melanin concentrating hormone ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; neuromedin U ; NMU ; NTS ; nucleus tractus solitarius ; paraventricular nucleus ; PBS ; Peptide Hormones - genetics ; Peptide Hormones - pharmacology ; Peptide Hormones - physiology ; phosphate buffered saline ; Physiology ; Plasma ; POMC ; proopiomelanocortin ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos - metabolism ; PVN ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods ; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ; Rodents ; RT-PCR ; Stomach ; Stomach - metabolism ; Studies ; transgenic mice</subject><ispartof>Gut, 2005-01, Vol.54 (1), p.18-24</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2005 by Gut</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright: 2005 Copyright 2005 by Gut</rights><rights>Copyright © Copyright 2005 by Gut 2005</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b553t-94374f6da50427891b021360f7fced2849fe9840f49eb7d2612fced4002c146c3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774379/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774379/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,4022,27921,27922,27923,53789,53791</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16390342$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591499$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Asakawa, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inui, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fujimiya, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sakamaki, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shinfuku, N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ueta, Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meguid, M M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kasuga, M</creatorcontrib><title>Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin</title><title>Gut</title><addtitle>Gut</addtitle><description>Background/Aims: The gastric peptide ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth-hormone secretagogue receptor, has two major molecular forms: acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, while desacyl ghrelin has been reported to be devoid of any endocrine activities. The authors examined the effects of desacyl ghrelin on energy balance. Methods: The authors measured food intake, gastric emptying, c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus, and gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice after administration of desacyl ghrelin. To explore the effects of long term overexpression of desacyl ghrelin, transgenic mice that overexpressed desacyl ghrelin were created. Results: Administration of desacyl ghrelin decreased food intake and gastric emptying rate through an action on the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. Gene expression of anorexigenic cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and urocortin in the hypothalamus was increased by desacyl ghrelin. Desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice exhibited a decrease in body weight, food intake, and fat pad mass weight accompanied by moderately decreased linear growth. Gastric emptying was also decreased in desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in contrast to acylated ghrelin, desacyl ghrelin induces a negative energy balance by decreasing food intake and delaying gastric emptying. The effect is mediated via the hypothalamus. Although derived from the same precursor, the inverse effects of these two peptides suggest that the stomach might be involved as an endocrine organ in the regulation of the energy balance.</description><subject>Acetylation</subject><subject>ACSF</subject><subject>agouti related protein</subject><subject>AGRP</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>ARC</subject><subject>arcuate nucleus</subject><subject>artificial cerebrospinal fluid</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Temperature - physiology</subject><subject>body weight</subject><subject>Body Weight - physiology</subject><subject>Bone marrow</subject><subject>CART</subject><subject>cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript</subject><subject>corticotrophin releasing factor</subject><subject>CRF</subject><subject>DNA, Complementary - genetics</subject><subject>Eating - drug effects</subject><subject>Eating - physiology</subject><subject>Energy Metabolism - drug effects</subject><subject>Energy Metabolism - physiology</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>FFA</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>food intake</subject><subject>free fatty acids</subject><subject>G3PDH</subject><subject>Gastric Emptying - drug effects</subject><subject>Gastric Emptying - physiology</subject><subject>gastric peptide</subject><subject>Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen</subject><subject>Ghrelin</subject><subject>GHS-R</subject><subject>glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase</subject><subject>growth hormone secretagogue receptor</subject><subject>Growth hormones</subject><subject>hypothalamus</subject><subject>Hypothalamus - physiology</subject><subject>ICV</subject><subject>intra-third cerebroventricular(ly)</subject><subject>Ligands</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>MCH</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>melanin concentrating hormone</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Transgenic</subject><subject>neuromedin U</subject><subject>NMU</subject><subject>NTS</subject><subject>nucleus tractus solitarius</subject><subject>paraventricular nucleus</subject><subject>PBS</subject><subject>Peptide Hormones - genetics</subject><subject>Peptide Hormones - pharmacology</subject><subject>Peptide Hormones - physiology</subject><subject>phosphate buffered saline</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>POMC</subject><subject>proopiomelanocortin</subject><subject>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos - metabolism</subject><subject>PVN</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods</subject><subject>reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>RT-PCR</subject><subject>Stomach</subject><subject>Stomach - metabolism</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>transgenic mice</subject><issn>0017-5749</issn><issn>1468-3288</issn><issn>1458-3288</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUtv1DAUhS0EotPCmh2KhMqiUqbXj_ixQUIjyhQKLCh0aTmOk8mQR2snFfPv6yhDC2y6snTP5-tzfBB6hWGJMeWn1TgsCQBbApWCiidogRmXKSVSPkULACzSTDB1gA5D2AKAlAo_Rwc4yxRmSi3Q-fehb43dJN5VY2MGFxLXOV_tktw0prMuua1NYuxu0oqk2njX1F1iuiIpXJjmf2Yv0LPSNMG93J9H6MfZh8vVOr349vF89f4izbOMDqliVLCSFyYDRkS0kwOJSaAUpXUFkUyVTkkGJVMuFwXhmEwCAyA2ZrP0CL2b916PeesK67rBm0Zf-7o1fqd7U-t_la7e6Kq_1ViI-LaKC97uF_j-ZnRh0G0drGtiXNePQXNBqcyiz8dAApwrTiGCb_4Dt_3ou_gL06OKUsxFFqnTmbK-D8G78t4zBj21qWObempTz23GG6__jvrA7-uLwPEeMMGapvSxsTo8cJwqoIxELp25Ogzu971u_K8prcj0158rTa8-rdeXX67058ifzHzebh91eQcEEcQx</recordid><startdate>200501</startdate><enddate>200501</enddate><creator>Asakawa, A</creator><creator>Inui, A</creator><creator>Fujimiya, M</creator><creator>Sakamaki, R</creator><creator>Shinfuku, N</creator><creator>Ueta, Y</creator><creator>Meguid, M M</creator><creator>Kasuga, M</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology</general><general>BMJ</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>Copyright 2005 by Gut</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200501</creationdate><title>Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin</title><author>Asakawa, A ; Inui, A ; Fujimiya, M ; Sakamaki, R ; Shinfuku, N ; Ueta, Y ; Meguid, M M ; Kasuga, M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b553t-94374f6da50427891b021360f7fced2849fe9840f49eb7d2612fced4002c146c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Acetylation</topic><topic>ACSF</topic><topic>agouti related protein</topic><topic>AGRP</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>ARC</topic><topic>arcuate nucleus</topic><topic>artificial cerebrospinal fluid</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body Temperature - physiology</topic><topic>body weight</topic><topic>Body Weight - physiology</topic><topic>Bone marrow</topic><topic>CART</topic><topic>cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript</topic><topic>corticotrophin releasing factor</topic><topic>CRF</topic><topic>DNA, Complementary - genetics</topic><topic>Eating - drug effects</topic><topic>Eating - physiology</topic><topic>Energy Metabolism - drug effects</topic><topic>Energy Metabolism - physiology</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>FFA</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>food intake</topic><topic>free fatty acids</topic><topic>G3PDH</topic><topic>Gastric Emptying - drug effects</topic><topic>Gastric Emptying - physiology</topic><topic>gastric peptide</topic><topic>Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen</topic><topic>Ghrelin</topic><topic>GHS-R</topic><topic>glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase</topic><topic>growth hormone secretagogue receptor</topic><topic>Growth hormones</topic><topic>hypothalamus</topic><topic>Hypothalamus - physiology</topic><topic>ICV</topic><topic>intra-third cerebroventricular(ly)</topic><topic>Ligands</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>MCH</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>melanin concentrating hormone</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Transgenic</topic><topic>neuromedin U</topic><topic>NMU</topic><topic>NTS</topic><topic>nucleus tractus solitarius</topic><topic>paraventricular nucleus</topic><topic>PBS</topic><topic>Peptide Hormones - genetics</topic><topic>Peptide Hormones - pharmacology</topic><topic>Peptide Hormones - physiology</topic><topic>phosphate buffered saline</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>POMC</topic><topic>proopiomelanocortin</topic><topic>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos - metabolism</topic><topic>PVN</topic><topic>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods</topic><topic>reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>RT-PCR</topic><topic>Stomach</topic><topic>Stomach - metabolism</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>transgenic mice</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Asakawa, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inui, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fujimiya, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sakamaki, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shinfuku, N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ueta, Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meguid, M M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kasuga, M</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Gut</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Asakawa, A</au><au>Inui, A</au><au>Fujimiya, M</au><au>Sakamaki, R</au><au>Shinfuku, N</au><au>Ueta, Y</au><au>Meguid, M M</au><au>Kasuga, M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin</atitle><jtitle>Gut</jtitle><addtitle>Gut</addtitle><date>2005-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>54</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>18</spage><epage>24</epage><pages>18-24</pages><issn>0017-5749</issn><eissn>1468-3288</eissn><eissn>1458-3288</eissn><coden>GUTTAK</coden><abstract>Background/Aims: The gastric peptide ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth-hormone secretagogue receptor, has two major molecular forms: acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, while desacyl ghrelin has been reported to be devoid of any endocrine activities. The authors examined the effects of desacyl ghrelin on energy balance. Methods: The authors measured food intake, gastric emptying, c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus, and gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice after administration of desacyl ghrelin. To explore the effects of long term overexpression of desacyl ghrelin, transgenic mice that overexpressed desacyl ghrelin were created. Results: Administration of desacyl ghrelin decreased food intake and gastric emptying rate through an action on the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. Gene expression of anorexigenic cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and urocortin in the hypothalamus was increased by desacyl ghrelin. Desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice exhibited a decrease in body weight, food intake, and fat pad mass weight accompanied by moderately decreased linear growth. Gastric emptying was also decreased in desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in contrast to acylated ghrelin, desacyl ghrelin induces a negative energy balance by decreasing food intake and delaying gastric emptying. The effect is mediated via the hypothalamus. Although derived from the same precursor, the inverse effects of these two peptides suggest that the stomach might be involved as an endocrine organ in the regulation of the energy balance.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology</pub><pmid>15591499</pmid><doi>10.1136/gut.2004.038737</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acetylation ACSF agouti related protein AGRP Animals ARC arcuate nucleus artificial cerebrospinal fluid Biological and medical sciences Body Temperature - physiology body weight Body Weight - physiology Bone marrow CART cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript corticotrophin releasing factor CRF DNA, Complementary - genetics Eating - drug effects Eating - physiology Energy Metabolism - drug effects Energy Metabolism - physiology Experiments FFA Food food intake free fatty acids G3PDH Gastric Emptying - drug effects Gastric Emptying - physiology gastric peptide Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen Ghrelin GHS-R glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase growth hormone secretagogue receptor Growth hormones hypothalamus Hypothalamus - physiology ICV intra-third cerebroventricular(ly) Ligands Male MCH Medical sciences melanin concentrating hormone Mice Mice, Transgenic neuromedin U NMU NTS nucleus tractus solitarius paraventricular nucleus PBS Peptide Hormones - genetics Peptide Hormones - pharmacology Peptide Hormones - physiology phosphate buffered saline Physiology Plasma POMC proopiomelanocortin Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos - metabolism PVN Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Rodents RT-PCR Stomach Stomach - metabolism Studies transgenic mice |
| title | Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin |
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