Physiological and metabolic characteristics of elite tug of war athletes
Objective—To determine the aerobic power (V̇o2max), body composition, strength, muscular power, flexibility, and biochemical profile of an elite international squad of tug of war athletes. Methods—Sixteen male competitors (mean (SEM) age 34 (2) years) were evaluated in a laboratory. For comparative...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | British journal of sports medicine 2001-12, Vol.35 (6), p.396-401 |
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| creator | Warrington, G Ryan, C Murray, F Duffy, P Kirwan, J P |
| description | Objective—To determine the aerobic power (V̇o2max), body composition, strength, muscular power, flexibility, and biochemical profile of an elite international squad of tug of war athletes. Methods—Sixteen male competitors (mean (SEM) age 34 (2) years) were evaluated in a laboratory. For comparative purposes, data were analysed relative to normative data for our centre and to a group of 20 rugby forwards from the Irish international squad. Results—The tug of war participants were lighter (83.6 (3.0) v 104.4 (1.8) kg, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/bjsm.35.6.396 |
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Methods—Sixteen male competitors (mean (SEM) age 34 (2) years) were evaluated in a laboratory. For comparative purposes, data were analysed relative to normative data for our centre and to a group of 20 rugby forwards from the Irish international squad. Results—The tug of war participants were lighter (83.6 (3.0) v 104.4 (1.8) kg, p<0.0001) and had less lean body mass (69.4 (2.1) v 86.2 (1.2) kg) than the rugby players and had lower than normal body fat (16.7 (0.9)%); all values are mean (SEM). Aerobic power measured during a treadmill test was 55.8 (1.6) ml/kg/min for the tug of war participants compared with 51.1 (1.4) ml/kg/min for the rugby forwards (p<0.03). A composite measure of strength derived from (sum of dominant and non-dominant grip strength and back strength)/lean body mass yielded a strength/mass ratio that was 32% greater (p<0.0001) for the tug of war group than the rugby group. Dynamic leg power was lower for the tug of war group than the rugby forwards (4659.8 (151.6) v 6198.2 (105) W respectively; p<0.0001). Leg flexibility was 25.4 (2.0) cm for the tug of war group. Back flexibility was 28.6 (1.4) cm which was lower (p<0.02) than the rugby forwards 34.2 (1.5) cm. Whereas blood chemistry and haematology were normal, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte volume were lower in the tug of war group than in the rugby players (p<0.05). All three haematological measures correlated with muscle mass (packed cell volume, r2 = 0.37, p<0.0001; haemoglobin concentration, r2 = 0.13, p<0.05; erythrocyte volume, r2 = 0.21, p<0.01). Conclusions—The data indicate that international level tug of war participants have excellent strength and above average endurance relative to body size, but have relatively low explosive leg power and back flexibility. The data provide reference standards for the sport and may be useful for monitoring and evaluating current and future participants.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0306-3674</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1473-0480</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.35.6.396</identifier><identifier>PMID: 11726473</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Anatomy & physiology ; Athletes ; Back - physiology ; Body Composition ; Budgets ; Exercise ; Exercise - physiology ; flexibility ; Football - physiology ; Hematologic Tests ; Hematology ; Humans ; Leg - physiology ; Male ; Metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Original ; Oxygen Consumption - physiology ; Physical Endurance - physiology ; Physical fitness ; Physiological aspects ; Physiology ; Pliability ; power ; Rugby ; Sports ; Sports - physiology ; Sports medicine ; strength ; Training ; tug of war ; United Kingdom ; V̇ o 2 max</subject><ispartof>British journal of sports medicine, 2001-12, Vol.35 (6), p.396-401</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2001 by the British Journal of Sports Medicine</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2001 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright: 2001 Copyright 2001 by the British Journal of Sports Medicine</rights><rights>Copyright BMJ Publishing Group Dec 2001</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b642t-c8920fdb4440a955d122f5d0df9b9e093eabb9eb2e38d1a3f4bc50287eb8321e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b642t-c8920fdb4440a955d122f5d0df9b9e093eabb9eb2e38d1a3f4bc50287eb8321e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724422/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724422/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726473$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Warrington, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryan, C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duffy, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirwan, J P</creatorcontrib><title>Physiological and metabolic characteristics of elite tug of war athletes</title><title>British journal of sports medicine</title><addtitle>Br J Sports Med</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Objective—To determine the aerobic power (V̇o2max), body composition, strength, muscular power, flexibility, and biochemical profile of an elite international squad of tug of war athletes. Methods—Sixteen male competitors (mean (SEM) age 34 (2) years) were evaluated in a laboratory. For comparative purposes, data were analysed relative to normative data for our centre and to a group of 20 rugby forwards from the Irish international squad. Results—The tug of war participants were lighter (83.6 (3.0) v 104.4 (1.8) kg, p<0.0001) and had less lean body mass (69.4 (2.1) v 86.2 (1.2) kg) than the rugby players and had lower than normal body fat (16.7 (0.9)%); all values are mean (SEM). Aerobic power measured during a treadmill test was 55.8 (1.6) ml/kg/min for the tug of war participants compared with 51.1 (1.4) ml/kg/min for the rugby forwards (p<0.03). A composite measure of strength derived from (sum of dominant and non-dominant grip strength and back strength)/lean body mass yielded a strength/mass ratio that was 32% greater (p<0.0001) for the tug of war group than the rugby group. Dynamic leg power was lower for the tug of war group than the rugby forwards (4659.8 (151.6) v 6198.2 (105) W respectively; p<0.0001). Leg flexibility was 25.4 (2.0) cm for the tug of war group. Back flexibility was 28.6 (1.4) cm which was lower (p<0.02) than the rugby forwards 34.2 (1.5) cm. Whereas blood chemistry and haematology were normal, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte volume were lower in the tug of war group than in the rugby players (p<0.05). All three haematological measures correlated with muscle mass (packed cell volume, r2 = 0.37, p<0.0001; haemoglobin concentration, r2 = 0.13, p<0.05; erythrocyte volume, r2 = 0.21, p<0.01). Conclusions—The data indicate that international level tug of war participants have excellent strength and above average endurance relative to body size, but have relatively low explosive leg power and back flexibility. The data provide reference standards for the sport and may be useful for monitoring and evaluating current and future participants.]]></description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Anatomy & physiology</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Back - physiology</subject><subject>Body Composition</subject><subject>Budgets</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>flexibility</subject><subject>Football - physiology</subject><subject>Hematologic Tests</subject><subject>Hematology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Leg - physiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</subject><subject>Physical Endurance - physiology</subject><subject>Physical fitness</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Pliability</subject><subject>power</subject><subject>Rugby</subject><subject>Sports</subject><subject>Sports - physiology</subject><subject>Sports medicine</subject><subject>strength</subject><subject>Training</subject><subject>tug of war</subject><subject>United Kingdom</subject><subject>V̇ o 2 max</subject><issn>0306-3674</issn><issn>1473-0480</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2001</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkktv1DAUhSMEokNhyRZFICEWZPAzcTZI1fAoVXmo4rG0bOcm4yGJi-0A_fc46qjTokLlhR_307m6xyfLHmK0xJiWL_QmDEvKl-WS1uWtbIFZRQvEBLqdLRBFZUHLiu1l90LYIIQJR-JutodxRcoELrLDT-uzYF3vOmtUn6uxyQeISrvemtyslVcmgrchWhNy1-bQ2wh5nLr58kv5XMV1DxHC_exOq_oAD7b7fvblzevPq8Pi-OPbd6uD40KXjMTCiJqgttGMMaRqzhtMSMsb1LS1rgHVFJROB02AigYr2jJtOCKiAi0owUD3s5fnuqeTHqAxMEavennq7aD8mXTKyquV0a5l537KNDJjhCSBp1sB735MEKIcbDDQ92oENwVZEYpZMu1GEAtCSlGjBD7-C9y4yY_JBYlrxrjASCToyT-hqkoqtKJkJ9WpHqQdW5dmMHNfeSAwrREnc7_n10AdjJDmdSO0Nj1fxotr8LQaGKz5D2-8C8FDe2EuRnLOnJwzJymXpUyZS_yjyz-yo7ch2wmmGMHvi7ry32WyueLyw9eV5K9OvrGTo_dyNuHZOa-HzQ29_wB16u0P</recordid><startdate>20011201</startdate><enddate>20011201</enddate><creator>Warrington, G</creator><creator>Ryan, C</creator><creator>Murray, F</creator><creator>Duffy, P</creator><creator>Kirwan, J P</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ Group</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20011201</creationdate><title>Physiological and metabolic characteristics of elite tug of war athletes</title><author>Warrington, G ; Ryan, C ; Murray, F ; Duffy, P ; Kirwan, J P</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b642t-c8920fdb4440a955d122f5d0df9b9e093eabb9eb2e38d1a3f4bc50287eb8321e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2001</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Anatomy & physiology</topic><topic>Athletes</topic><topic>Back - physiology</topic><topic>Body Composition</topic><topic>Budgets</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>flexibility</topic><topic>Football - physiology</topic><topic>Hematologic Tests</topic><topic>Hematology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Leg - physiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</topic><topic>Physical Endurance - physiology</topic><topic>Physical fitness</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Pliability</topic><topic>power</topic><topic>Rugby</topic><topic>Sports</topic><topic>Sports - physiology</topic><topic>Sports medicine</topic><topic>strength</topic><topic>Training</topic><topic>tug of war</topic><topic>United Kingdom</topic><topic>V̇ o 2 max</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Warrington, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryan, C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duffy, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirwan, J P</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>British journal of sports medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Warrington, G</au><au>Ryan, C</au><au>Murray, F</au><au>Duffy, P</au><au>Kirwan, J P</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Physiological and metabolic characteristics of elite tug of war athletes</atitle><jtitle>British journal of sports medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Br J Sports Med</addtitle><date>2001-12-01</date><risdate>2001</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>396</spage><epage>401</epage><pages>396-401</pages><issn>0306-3674</issn><eissn>1473-0480</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Objective—To determine the aerobic power (V̇o2max), body composition, strength, muscular power, flexibility, and biochemical profile of an elite international squad of tug of war athletes. Methods—Sixteen male competitors (mean (SEM) age 34 (2) years) were evaluated in a laboratory. For comparative purposes, data were analysed relative to normative data for our centre and to a group of 20 rugby forwards from the Irish international squad. Results—The tug of war participants were lighter (83.6 (3.0) v 104.4 (1.8) kg, p<0.0001) and had less lean body mass (69.4 (2.1) v 86.2 (1.2) kg) than the rugby players and had lower than normal body fat (16.7 (0.9)%); all values are mean (SEM). Aerobic power measured during a treadmill test was 55.8 (1.6) ml/kg/min for the tug of war participants compared with 51.1 (1.4) ml/kg/min for the rugby forwards (p<0.03). A composite measure of strength derived from (sum of dominant and non-dominant grip strength and back strength)/lean body mass yielded a strength/mass ratio that was 32% greater (p<0.0001) for the tug of war group than the rugby group. Dynamic leg power was lower for the tug of war group than the rugby forwards (4659.8 (151.6) v 6198.2 (105) W respectively; p<0.0001). Leg flexibility was 25.4 (2.0) cm for the tug of war group. Back flexibility was 28.6 (1.4) cm which was lower (p<0.02) than the rugby forwards 34.2 (1.5) cm. Whereas blood chemistry and haematology were normal, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte volume were lower in the tug of war group than in the rugby players (p<0.05). All three haematological measures correlated with muscle mass (packed cell volume, r2 = 0.37, p<0.0001; haemoglobin concentration, r2 = 0.13, p<0.05; erythrocyte volume, r2 = 0.21, p<0.01). Conclusions—The data indicate that international level tug of war participants have excellent strength and above average endurance relative to body size, but have relatively low explosive leg power and back flexibility. The data provide reference standards for the sport and may be useful for monitoring and evaluating current and future participants.]]></abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine</pub><pmid>11726473</pmid><doi>10.1136/bjsm.35.6.396</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Anatomy & physiology Athletes Back - physiology Body Composition Budgets Exercise Exercise - physiology flexibility Football - physiology Hematologic Tests Hematology Humans Leg - physiology Male Metabolism Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Original Oxygen Consumption - physiology Physical Endurance - physiology Physical fitness Physiological aspects Physiology Pliability power Rugby Sports Sports - physiology Sports medicine strength Training tug of war United Kingdom V̇ o 2 max |
| title | Physiological and metabolic characteristics of elite tug of war athletes |
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