Hyperopia and educational attainment in a primary school cohort
Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent fi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Archives of disease in childhood 2005-02, Vol.90 (2), p.150-153 |
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| creator | Williams, W R Latif, A H A Hannington, L Watkins, D R |
| description | Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8%) fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95% CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) >+3D (98.4, 93.0–103.8, n = 32) or >+1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0–105.6, n = 26) were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7–108.9, n = 43) (103.6, 99.7–107.4, n = 49), the non-referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16%) and confirmed hyperopes (29%) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/adc.2003.046755 |
| format | Article |
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Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8%) fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95% CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) >+3D (98.4, 93.0–103.8, n = 32) or >+1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0–105.6, n = 26) were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7–108.9, n = 43) (103.6, 99.7–107.4, n = 49), the non-referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16%) and confirmed hyperopes (29%) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0003-9888</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-2044</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.046755</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15665167</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health</publisher><subject>Academic achievement ; Age ; Analysis of Variance ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Community child health, public health, and epidemiology ; Community health care ; Complications and side effects ; core subject indicator ; CSI ; CSI, core subject indicator ; Data Analysis ; Education ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Development ; Educational Measurement - methods ; Educational Status ; Elementary school students ; Eye protection ; fogging test ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Hyperopia - diagnosis ; Hyperopia - psychology ; Medical screening ; Myopia ; National Foundation for Education Research ; NFER ; NFER, National Foundation for Education Research ; Original ; Preschool education ; primary education ; Psychologists ; RE, refractive error ; Reading ; Reading Tests ; Referral and Consultation ; refractive error ; SAT ; SAT, standardised assessment test ; School nurses ; Screening Tests ; standardised assessment test ; Vision Tests ; Vision Tests - methods ; Vision, Binocular - physiology ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Acuity - physiology</subject><ispartof>Archives of disease in childhood, 2005-02, Vol.90 (2), p.150-153</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2005 Archives of Disease in Childhood</rights><rights>Copyright 2005 Archives of Disease in Childhood2005</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b598t-9b5342ec817e32eac2649768aafc350f31a01ba16bdb5af3fcd1ae375c61b9ca3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1720267/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1720267/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665167$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Williams, W R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latif, A H A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hannington, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watkins, D R</creatorcontrib><title>Hyperopia and educational attainment in a primary school cohort</title><title>Archives of disease in childhood</title><addtitle>Arch Dis Child</addtitle><addtitle>Arch Dis Child</addtitle><description>Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8%) fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95% CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) >+3D (98.4, 93.0–103.8, n = 32) or >+1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0–105.6, n = 26) were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7–108.9, n = 43) (103.6, 99.7–107.4, n = 49), the non-referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16%) and confirmed hyperopes (29%) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.</description><subject>Academic achievement</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Community child health, public health, and epidemiology</subject><subject>Community health care</subject><subject>Complications and side effects</subject><subject>core subject indicator</subject><subject>CSI</subject><subject>CSI, core subject indicator</subject><subject>Data Analysis</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Educational Attainment</subject><subject>Educational Development</subject><subject>Educational Measurement - methods</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>Elementary school students</subject><subject>Eye protection</subject><subject>fogging test</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperopia</subject><subject>Hyperopia - diagnosis</subject><subject>Hyperopia - psychology</subject><subject>Medical screening</subject><subject>Myopia</subject><subject>National Foundation for Education Research</subject><subject>NFER</subject><subject>NFER, National Foundation for Education Research</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Preschool education</subject><subject>primary education</subject><subject>Psychologists</subject><subject>RE, refractive error</subject><subject>Reading</subject><subject>Reading Tests</subject><subject>Referral and Consultation</subject><subject>refractive error</subject><subject>SAT</subject><subject>SAT, standardised assessment test</subject><subject>School nurses</subject><subject>Screening Tests</subject><subject>standardised assessment test</subject><subject>Vision Tests</subject><subject>Vision Tests - methods</subject><subject>Vision, Binocular - physiology</subject><subject>Visual Acuity</subject><subject>Visual Acuity - physiology</subject><issn>0003-9888</issn><issn>1468-2044</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1v1DAQxS0EotvCmRuKhEQlULb-iB3n0qoKpYtUtRc-JC7WxHF2vSTxYicV_e_xNqsuIIE4zWF-82bmPYReEDwnhIkTqPWcYszmOBM554_QjGRCphRn2WM0w7GTFlLKA3QYwhpjQqVkT9EB4UJwIvIZOlvcbYx3GwsJ9HVi6lHDYF0PbQLDALbvTD8ktk8g2Xjbgb9Lgl451ybarZwfnqEnDbTBPN_VI_Tp_cXHcpFe3Vx-KM-v0ooXckiLirOMGi1Jbhg1oKnIilxIgEYzjhtGAJMKiKjqikPDGl0TMCznWpCq0MCO0OmkuxmrztQ6XuWhVbublAOrfu_0dqWW7laRnGIq8ihwvBPw7vtowqA6G7RpW-iNG4PKRUYzhgsZydf_JKNYzihmEXz1B7h2o4_WBUUklTQrON0uTidqCa1RtteuH8yPQbu2NUujokvljTonjMcJIXDkTyZeexeCN83DkwSrbegqhq62oasp9Djx8ldv9vwu5f0JNsTVD33w3-6f4er6c6muLxfv2FdSqi-RfzPxVbf-j-1v9_DegL_QPwEzhdDL</recordid><startdate>20050201</startdate><enddate>20050201</enddate><creator>Williams, W R</creator><creator>Latif, A H A</creator><creator>Hannington, L</creator><creator>Watkins, D R</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88B</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8A4</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CJNVE</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0P</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PQEDU</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20050201</creationdate><title>Hyperopia and educational attainment in a primary school cohort</title><author>Williams, W R ; Latif, A H A ; Hannington, L ; Watkins, D R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b598t-9b5342ec817e32eac2649768aafc350f31a01ba16bdb5af3fcd1ae375c61b9ca3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Academic achievement</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Community child health, public health, and epidemiology</topic><topic>Community health care</topic><topic>Complications and side effects</topic><topic>core subject indicator</topic><topic>CSI</topic><topic>CSI, core subject indicator</topic><topic>Data Analysis</topic><topic>Education</topic><topic>Educational Attainment</topic><topic>Educational Development</topic><topic>Educational Measurement - methods</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>Elementary school students</topic><topic>Eye protection</topic><topic>fogging test</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperopia</topic><topic>Hyperopia - diagnosis</topic><topic>Hyperopia - psychology</topic><topic>Medical screening</topic><topic>Myopia</topic><topic>National Foundation for Education Research</topic><topic>NFER</topic><topic>NFER, National Foundation for Education Research</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Preschool education</topic><topic>primary education</topic><topic>Psychologists</topic><topic>RE, refractive error</topic><topic>Reading</topic><topic>Reading Tests</topic><topic>Referral and Consultation</topic><topic>refractive error</topic><topic>SAT</topic><topic>SAT, standardised assessment test</topic><topic>School nurses</topic><topic>Screening Tests</topic><topic>standardised assessment test</topic><topic>Vision Tests</topic><topic>Vision Tests - methods</topic><topic>Vision, Binocular - physiology</topic><topic>Visual Acuity</topic><topic>Visual Acuity - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Williams, W R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latif, A H A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hannington, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watkins, D R</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Education Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Education Periodicals</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Education Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Education Database</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Education</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Archives of disease in childhood</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Williams, W R</au><au>Latif, A H A</au><au>Hannington, L</au><au>Watkins, D R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Hyperopia and educational attainment in a primary school cohort</atitle><jtitle>Archives of disease in childhood</jtitle><stitle>Arch Dis Child</stitle><addtitle>Arch Dis Child</addtitle><date>2005-02-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>90</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>150</spage><epage>153</epage><pages>150-153</pages><issn>0003-9888</issn><eissn>1468-2044</eissn><abstract>Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8%) fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95% CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) >+3D (98.4, 93.0–103.8, n = 32) or >+1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0–105.6, n = 26) were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7–108.9, n = 43) (103.6, 99.7–107.4, n = 49), the non-referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16%) and confirmed hyperopes (29%) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health</pub><pmid>15665167</pmid><doi>10.1136/adc.2003.046755</doi><tpages>4</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Academic achievement Age Analysis of Variance Child Cohort Studies Community child health, public health, and epidemiology Community health care Complications and side effects core subject indicator CSI CSI, core subject indicator Data Analysis Education Educational Attainment Educational Development Educational Measurement - methods Educational Status Elementary school students Eye protection fogging test Health aspects Humans Hyperopia Hyperopia - diagnosis Hyperopia - psychology Medical screening Myopia National Foundation for Education Research NFER NFER, National Foundation for Education Research Original Preschool education primary education Psychologists RE, refractive error Reading Reading Tests Referral and Consultation refractive error SAT SAT, standardised assessment test School nurses Screening Tests standardised assessment test Vision Tests Vision Tests - methods Vision, Binocular - physiology Visual Acuity Visual Acuity - physiology |
| title | Hyperopia and educational attainment in a primary school cohort |
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