The Causes and Prevention of Cancer: Gaining Perspective
Epidemiological studies have identified several factors that are likely to have a major effect on reducing rates of cancer: reduction of smoking, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and control of infections. Other factors include avoidance of intense sun exposure, increased physical act...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental health perspectives 1997-06, Vol.105 (Suppl 4), p.865-873 |
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description | Epidemiological studies have identified several factors that are likely to have a major effect on reducing rates of cancer: reduction of smoking, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and control of infections. Other factors include avoidance of intense sun exposure, increased physical activity, and reduced consumption of alcohol and possibly red meat. Risks of many types of cancer can already be reduced, and the potential for further reductions is great. In the United States, cancer death rates for all cancers combined are decreasing, if lung cancer (90% of which is due to smoking), is excluded from the analysis. We review the research on causes of cancer and show why much cancer is preventable. The idea that traces of synthetic chemicals, such as DDT, are major contributors to human cancer is not supported by the evidence, yet public concern and resource allocation for reduction of chemical pollution are very high, in part because standard risk assessment uses linear extrapolation from limited data in high-dose animal cancer tests. These tests are done at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and are typically misinterpreted to mean that low doses of synthetic chemicals and industrial pollutants are relevant to human cancer. About half the chemicals tested, whether synthetic or natural, are carcinogenic to rodents at such high doses. Almost all chemicals in the human diet are natural. For example, 99.99% of the pesticides we eat are naturally present in plants to ward off insects and other predators. Half of the natural pesticides that have been tested at the MTD are rodent carcinogens. Cooking food produces large numbers of natural dietary chemicals. Roasted coffee, for example, contains more than 1000 chemicals: of 27 tested, 19 are rodent carcinogens. Increasing evidence supports the idea that the high frequency of positive results in rodent bioassays is due to testing at the MTD, which frequently can cause chronic cell killing and consequent cell replacement-a risk factor for cancer that can be limited to high doses. Because default risk assessments use linear extrapolation, which ignores effects of the high dose itself, low-dose risks are often exaggerated. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1289/ehp.97105s4865 |
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Other factors include avoidance of intense sun exposure, increased physical activity, and reduced consumption of alcohol and possibly red meat. Risks of many types of cancer can already be reduced, and the potential for further reductions is great. In the United States, cancer death rates for all cancers combined are decreasing, if lung cancer (90% of which is due to smoking), is excluded from the analysis. We review the research on causes of cancer and show why much cancer is preventable. The idea that traces of synthetic chemicals, such as DDT, are major contributors to human cancer is not supported by the evidence, yet public concern and resource allocation for reduction of chemical pollution are very high, in part because standard risk assessment uses linear extrapolation from limited data in high-dose animal cancer tests. These tests are done at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and are typically misinterpreted to mean that low doses of synthetic chemicals and industrial pollutants are relevant to human cancer. About half the chemicals tested, whether synthetic or natural, are carcinogenic to rodents at such high doses. Almost all chemicals in the human diet are natural. For example, 99.99% of the pesticides we eat are naturally present in plants to ward off insects and other predators. Half of the natural pesticides that have been tested at the MTD are rodent carcinogens. Cooking food produces large numbers of natural dietary chemicals. Roasted coffee, for example, contains more than 1000 chemicals: of 27 tested, 19 are rodent carcinogens. Increasing evidence supports the idea that the high frequency of positive results in rodent bioassays is due to testing at the MTD, which frequently can cause chronic cell killing and consequent cell replacement-a risk factor for cancer that can be limited to high doses. Because default risk assessments use linear extrapolation, which ignores effects of the high dose itself, low-dose risks are often exaggerated.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0091-6765</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s4865</identifier><identifier>PMID: 9255573</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. 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Monograph Based on Papers Presented at the Symposium on Mechanisms and Prevention of Environmentally Caused Cancers Held 21-25 October 1995 in Santa Fe, New Mexico ; Mortality ; Neoplasms - etiology ; Neoplasms - prevention & control ; Occupational Exposure - adverse effects ; Risk Factors ; Rodents ; Smoking - adverse effects ; Vegetables</subject><ispartof>Environmental health perspectives, 1997-06, Vol.105 (Suppl 4), p.865-873</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3433296$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3433296$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,804,865,886,27928,27929,53795,53797,58021,58254</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9255573$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ames, Bruce N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gold, Lois S.</creatorcontrib><title>The Causes and Prevention of Cancer: Gaining Perspective</title><title>Environmental health perspectives</title><addtitle>Environ Health Perspect</addtitle><description>Epidemiological studies have identified several factors that are likely to have a major effect on reducing rates of cancer: reduction of smoking, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and control of infections. Other factors include avoidance of intense sun exposure, increased physical activity, and reduced consumption of alcohol and possibly red meat. Risks of many types of cancer can already be reduced, and the potential for further reductions is great. In the United States, cancer death rates for all cancers combined are decreasing, if lung cancer (90% of which is due to smoking), is excluded from the analysis. We review the research on causes of cancer and show why much cancer is preventable. The idea that traces of synthetic chemicals, such as DDT, are major contributors to human cancer is not supported by the evidence, yet public concern and resource allocation for reduction of chemical pollution are very high, in part because standard risk assessment uses linear extrapolation from limited data in high-dose animal cancer tests. These tests are done at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and are typically misinterpreted to mean that low doses of synthetic chemicals and industrial pollutants are relevant to human cancer. About half the chemicals tested, whether synthetic or natural, are carcinogenic to rodents at such high doses. Almost all chemicals in the human diet are natural. For example, 99.99% of the pesticides we eat are naturally present in plants to ward off insects and other predators. Half of the natural pesticides that have been tested at the MTD are rodent carcinogens. Cooking food produces large numbers of natural dietary chemicals. Roasted coffee, for example, contains more than 1000 chemicals: of 27 tested, 19 are rodent carcinogens. Increasing evidence supports the idea that the high frequency of positive results in rodent bioassays is due to testing at the MTD, which frequently can cause chronic cell killing and consequent cell replacement-a risk factor for cancer that can be limited to high doses. Because default risk assessments use linear extrapolation, which ignores effects of the high dose itself, low-dose risks are often exaggerated.</description><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>Cell division</subject><subject>Chemical hazards</subject><subject>Colorectal cancer</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>Energy Intake</subject><subject>Environmental Pollutants - toxicity</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lung neoplasms</subject><subject>Mechanisms and Prevention of Environmentally Caused Cancers. Monograph Based on Papers Presented at the Symposium on Mechanisms and Prevention of Environmentally Caused Cancers Held 21-25 October 1995 in Santa Fe, New Mexico</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Neoplasms - etiology</subject><subject>Neoplasms - prevention & control</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Smoking - adverse effects</subject><subject>Vegetables</subject><issn>0091-6765</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1997</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkE1Lw0AURWeh1FrduhOycJv65jvjQpCiVSjYRV0Pk-SlndJOwkxa8N8bqBRd3cXhnXe5hNxRmFJWmEfcdFOjKcgkCiUvyBjA0FxpJa_IdUpbAKCFUiMyMkxKqfmYFKsNZjN3SJgyF-psGfGIofdtyNpmAKHC-JTNnQ8-rLMlxtRh1fsj3pDLxu0S3v7mhHy9va5m7_nic_4xe1nkW8ZYnyvuSllCI8CBNGgKBoZBXVJnCo3oAF3NGldRYagpKxRDM-CC6lpjrSvgE_J88naHco91NZSLbme76PcuftvWefufBL-x6_ZoqdAwvBwE938F58vfCQb-cOLb1LfxjClYxkFbLjhnRvEfSkloMw</recordid><startdate>19970601</startdate><enddate>19970601</enddate><creator>Ames, Bruce N.</creator><creator>Gold, Lois S.</creator><general>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19970601</creationdate><title>The Causes and Prevention of Cancer: Gaining Perspective</title><author>Ames, Bruce N. ; Gold, Lois S.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-j222t-63ab5b0f40a059e9820920db1a987eea0ead2fac14919bce492503417d7ed7c03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1997</creationdate><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Carcinogens</topic><topic>Cell division</topic><topic>Chemical hazards</topic><topic>Colorectal cancer</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Dosage</topic><topic>Energy Intake</topic><topic>Environmental Pollutants - toxicity</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lung neoplasms</topic><topic>Mechanisms and Prevention of Environmentally Caused Cancers. Monograph Based on Papers Presented at the Symposium on Mechanisms and Prevention of Environmentally Caused Cancers Held 21-25 October 1995 in Santa Fe, New Mexico</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Neoplasms - etiology</topic><topic>Neoplasms - prevention & control</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Smoking - adverse effects</topic><topic>Vegetables</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ames, Bruce N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gold, Lois S.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Environmental health perspectives</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ames, Bruce N.</au><au>Gold, Lois S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Causes and Prevention of Cancer: Gaining Perspective</atitle><jtitle>Environmental health perspectives</jtitle><addtitle>Environ Health Perspect</addtitle><date>1997-06-01</date><risdate>1997</risdate><volume>105</volume><issue>Suppl 4</issue><spage>865</spage><epage>873</epage><pages>865-873</pages><issn>0091-6765</issn><abstract>Epidemiological studies have identified several factors that are likely to have a major effect on reducing rates of cancer: reduction of smoking, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and control of infections. Other factors include avoidance of intense sun exposure, increased physical activity, and reduced consumption of alcohol and possibly red meat. Risks of many types of cancer can already be reduced, and the potential for further reductions is great. In the United States, cancer death rates for all cancers combined are decreasing, if lung cancer (90% of which is due to smoking), is excluded from the analysis. We review the research on causes of cancer and show why much cancer is preventable. The idea that traces of synthetic chemicals, such as DDT, are major contributors to human cancer is not supported by the evidence, yet public concern and resource allocation for reduction of chemical pollution are very high, in part because standard risk assessment uses linear extrapolation from limited data in high-dose animal cancer tests. These tests are done at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and are typically misinterpreted to mean that low doses of synthetic chemicals and industrial pollutants are relevant to human cancer. About half the chemicals tested, whether synthetic or natural, are carcinogenic to rodents at such high doses. Almost all chemicals in the human diet are natural. For example, 99.99% of the pesticides we eat are naturally present in plants to ward off insects and other predators. Half of the natural pesticides that have been tested at the MTD are rodent carcinogens. Cooking food produces large numbers of natural dietary chemicals. Roasted coffee, for example, contains more than 1000 chemicals: of 27 tested, 19 are rodent carcinogens. Increasing evidence supports the idea that the high frequency of positive results in rodent bioassays is due to testing at the MTD, which frequently can cause chronic cell killing and consequent cell replacement-a risk factor for cancer that can be limited to high doses. Because default risk assessments use linear extrapolation, which ignores effects of the high dose itself, low-dose risks are often exaggerated.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare</pub><pmid>9255573</pmid><doi>10.1289/ehp.97105s4865</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Aging Animals Cancer Carcinogens Cell division Chemical hazards Colorectal cancer Diet Dosage Energy Intake Environmental Pollutants - toxicity Humans Lung neoplasms Mechanisms and Prevention of Environmentally Caused Cancers. Monograph Based on Papers Presented at the Symposium on Mechanisms and Prevention of Environmentally Caused Cancers Held 21-25 October 1995 in Santa Fe, New Mexico Mortality Neoplasms - etiology Neoplasms - prevention & control Occupational Exposure - adverse effects Risk Factors Rodents Smoking - adverse effects Vegetables |
title | The Causes and Prevention of Cancer: Gaining Perspective |
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