Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and Death on an Active Submarine Volcano
Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2006-04, Vol.103 (17), p.6448-6453 |
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| creator | Staudigel, Hubert Hart, Stanley R. Pile, Adele Bailey, Bradley E. Baker, Edward T. Brooke, Sandra Connelly, Douglas P. Haucke, Lisa German, Christopher R. Hudson, Ian Jones, Daniel Koppers, Anthony A. P. Konter, Jasper Lee, Ray Pietsch, Theodore W. Tebo, Bradley M. Templeton, Alexis S. Zierenberg, Robert Young, Craig M. |
| description | Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1073/pnas.0600830103 |
| format | Article |
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P. ; Konter, Jasper ; Lee, Ray ; Pietsch, Theodore W. ; Tebo, Bradley M. ; Templeton, Alexis S. ; Zierenberg, Robert ; Young, Craig M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Staudigel, Hubert ; Hart, Stanley R. ; Pile, Adele ; Bailey, Bradley E. ; Baker, Edward T. ; Brooke, Sandra ; Connelly, Douglas P. ; Haucke, Lisa ; German, Christopher R. ; Hudson, Ian ; Jones, Daniel ; Koppers, Anthony A. P. ; Konter, Jasper ; Lee, Ray ; Pietsch, Theodore W. ; Tebo, Bradley M. ; Templeton, Alexis S. ; Zierenberg, Robert ; Young, Craig M.</creatorcontrib><description>Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in <4 years and could reach the sea surface within decades. Vents fill Vailulu'u crater with a thick suspension of particulates and apparently toxic fluids that mix with seawater entering from the crater breaches. Low-temperature vents form Fe oxide chimneys in many locations and up to 1-m-thick layers of hydrothermal Fe floc on Nafanua. High-temperature (81°C) hydrothermal vents in the northern moat (945-m water depth) produce acidic fluids (pH 2.7) with rising droplets of (probably) liquid CO₂. The Nafanua summit vent area is inhabited by a thriving population of eels (Dysommina rugosa) that feed on midwater shrimp probably concentrated by anticyclonic currents at the volcano summit and rim. The moat and crater floor around the new volcano are littered with dead metazoans that apparently died from exposure to hydrothermal emissions. Acid-tolerant polychaetes (Polynoidae) live in this environment, apparently feeding on bacteria from decaying fish carcasses. Vailulu'u is an unpredictable and very active underwater volcano presenting a potential long-term volcanic hazard. Although eels thrive in hydrothermal vents at the summit of Nafanua, venting elsewhere in the crater causes mass mortality. Paradoxically, the same anticyclonic currents that deliver food to the eels may also concentrate a wide variety of nektonic animals in a death trap of toxic hydrothermal fluids.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0027-8424</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1091-6490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600830103</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16614067</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Academy of Sciences</publisher><subject>Animals ; Aquatic habitats ; Aquatic life ; Biological Sciences ; Carbon dioxide ; Dysommina rugosa ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Eels ; Ferric Compounds ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrothermal vents ; Impact craters ; Marine ; Metazoa ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Ocean currents ; Oceans ; Particulate matter ; Physical Sciences ; Polynoidae ; Samoa ; Sea water ; Seamounts ; Seawater - microbiology ; Submersibles ; Volcanic Eruptions ; Volcanoes</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2006-04, Vol.103 (17), p.6448-6453</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2006 National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</rights><rights>Copyright National Academy of Sciences Apr 25, 2006</rights><rights>2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2006</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a617t-280c7dc2644d07fe2220f623c254dc3b60ad397c17402c2f81c30ce104096cf03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a617t-280c7dc2644d07fe2220f623c254dc3b60ad397c17402c2f81c30ce104096cf03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30052221$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/30052221$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,799,881,27901,27902,53766,53768,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614067$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Staudigel, Hubert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hart, Stanley R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pile, Adele</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bailey, Bradley E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Edward T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brooke, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Connelly, Douglas P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haucke, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>German, Christopher R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hudson, Ian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koppers, Anthony A. P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Konter, Jasper</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Ray</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pietsch, Theodore W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tebo, Bradley M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Templeton, Alexis S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zierenberg, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Young, Craig M.</creatorcontrib><title>Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and Death on an Active Submarine Volcano</title><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</title><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><description>Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in <4 years and could reach the sea surface within decades. Vents fill Vailulu'u crater with a thick suspension of particulates and apparently toxic fluids that mix with seawater entering from the crater breaches. Low-temperature vents form Fe oxide chimneys in many locations and up to 1-m-thick layers of hydrothermal Fe floc on Nafanua. High-temperature (81°C) hydrothermal vents in the northern moat (945-m water depth) produce acidic fluids (pH 2.7) with rising droplets of (probably) liquid CO₂. The Nafanua summit vent area is inhabited by a thriving population of eels (Dysommina rugosa) that feed on midwater shrimp probably concentrated by anticyclonic currents at the volcano summit and rim. The moat and crater floor around the new volcano are littered with dead metazoans that apparently died from exposure to hydrothermal emissions. Acid-tolerant polychaetes (Polynoidae) live in this environment, apparently feeding on bacteria from decaying fish carcasses. Vailulu'u is an unpredictable and very active underwater volcano presenting a potential long-term volcanic hazard. Although eels thrive in hydrothermal vents at the summit of Nafanua, venting elsewhere in the crater causes mass mortality. Paradoxically, the same anticyclonic currents that deliver food to the eels may also concentrate a wide variety of nektonic animals in a death trap of toxic hydrothermal fluids.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Aquatic habitats</subject><subject>Aquatic life</subject><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Dysommina rugosa</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Eels</subject><subject>Ferric Compounds</subject><subject>Geological Phenomena</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Hot Temperature</subject><subject>Hydrothermal vents</subject><subject>Impact craters</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>Metazoa</subject><subject>Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</subject><subject>Ocean currents</subject><subject>Oceans</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Polynoidae</subject><subject>Samoa</subject><subject>Sea water</subject><subject>Seamounts</subject><subject>Seawater - microbiology</subject><subject>Submersibles</subject><subject>Volcanic Eruptions</subject><subject>Volcanoes</subject><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkctLxDAQxoMouj7OnpTgQS9WZ5Js0noQxDcseFj1GmKaapdusjbtgv-9kV18nTJhfvPxzXyE7CKcICh-OvMmnoAEyDkg8BUyQCgwk6KAVTIAYCrLBRMbZDPGCQAUwxzWyQZKiQKkGpC7Z1M3fdMf9XTszDT0vjum41SYMzqqK0eNL-mVM90bDT596IXt6rmj4_5latraO_ocGmt82CZrlWmi21m-W-Tp5vrx8i4bPdzeX16MMiNRdRnLwarSMilECapyjDGoJOOWDUVp-YsEU_JCWVQCmGVVjpaDdQgCCmkr4FvkfKE7Sw5caZ3vWtPoWVsnPx86mFr_7fj6Tb-GuUYxzAsQSeBwKdCG997FTk_raF3TGO9CHzUWgrMcWQIP_oGT0Lc-LacZIM-BMZWg0wVk2xBj66pvJwj6KyL9FZH-iShN7P9e4IdfZpKAvQUwiV1ov_scYJiuhfwTfg2UzQ</recordid><startdate>20060425</startdate><enddate>20060425</enddate><creator>Staudigel, Hubert</creator><creator>Hart, Stanley R.</creator><creator>Pile, Adele</creator><creator>Bailey, Bradley E.</creator><creator>Baker, Edward T.</creator><creator>Brooke, Sandra</creator><creator>Connelly, Douglas P.</creator><creator>Haucke, Lisa</creator><creator>German, Christopher R.</creator><creator>Hudson, Ian</creator><creator>Jones, Daniel</creator><creator>Koppers, Anthony A. 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P.</au><au>Konter, Jasper</au><au>Lee, Ray</au><au>Pietsch, Theodore W.</au><au>Tebo, Bradley M.</au><au>Templeton, Alexis S.</au><au>Zierenberg, Robert</au><au>Young, Craig M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and Death on an Active Submarine Volcano</atitle><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><date>2006-04-25</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>103</volume><issue>17</issue><spage>6448</spage><epage>6453</epage><pages>6448-6453</pages><issn>0027-8424</issn><eissn>1091-6490</eissn><abstract>Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in <4 years and could reach the sea surface within decades. Vents fill Vailulu'u crater with a thick suspension of particulates and apparently toxic fluids that mix with seawater entering from the crater breaches. Low-temperature vents form Fe oxide chimneys in many locations and up to 1-m-thick layers of hydrothermal Fe floc on Nafanua. High-temperature (81°C) hydrothermal vents in the northern moat (945-m water depth) produce acidic fluids (pH 2.7) with rising droplets of (probably) liquid CO₂. The Nafanua summit vent area is inhabited by a thriving population of eels (Dysommina rugosa) that feed on midwater shrimp probably concentrated by anticyclonic currents at the volcano summit and rim. The moat and crater floor around the new volcano are littered with dead metazoans that apparently died from exposure to hydrothermal emissions. Acid-tolerant polychaetes (Polynoidae) live in this environment, apparently feeding on bacteria from decaying fish carcasses. Vailulu'u is an unpredictable and very active underwater volcano presenting a potential long-term volcanic hazard. Although eels thrive in hydrothermal vents at the summit of Nafanua, venting elsewhere in the crater causes mass mortality. Paradoxically, the same anticyclonic currents that deliver food to the eels may also concentrate a wide variety of nektonic animals in a death trap of toxic hydrothermal fluids.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Academy of Sciences</pub><pmid>16614067</pmid><doi>10.1073/pnas.0600830103</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2006-04, Vol.103 (17), p.6448-6453 |
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| subjects | Animals Aquatic habitats Aquatic life Biological Sciences Carbon dioxide Dysommina rugosa Ecology Ecosystem Eels Ferric Compounds Geological Phenomena Geology Hot Temperature Hydrothermal vents Impact craters Marine Metazoa Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Ocean currents Oceans Particulate matter Physical Sciences Polynoidae Samoa Sea water Seamounts Seawater - microbiology Submersibles Volcanic Eruptions Volcanoes |
| title | Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and Death on an Active Submarine Volcano |
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