Acute Respiratory Diseases and Carboxyhemoglobin Status in School Children of Quito, Ecuador
Outdoor carbon monoxide comes mainly from vehicular emissions, and high concentrations occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. CO binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of CO on the respiratory sy...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental health perspectives 2005-05, Vol.113 (5), p.607-611 |
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| creator | Estrella, Bertha Estrella, Ramiro Oviedo, Jorge Narváez, Ximena Reyes, María T. Gutiérrez, Miguel Naumova, Elena N. |
| description | Outdoor carbon monoxide comes mainly from vehicular emissions, and high concentrations occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. CO binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of CO on the respiratory system using COHb as a marker for chronic CO exposure. We examined the relationship between acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COHb concentrations in school-age children living in urban and suburban areas of Quito, Ecuador. We selected three schools located in areas with different traffic intensities and enrolled 960 children. To adjust for potential confounders we conducted a detailed survey. In a random subsample of 295 children, we determined that average COHb concentrations were significantly higher in children attending schools in areas with high and moderate traffic, compared with the low-traffic area. The percentage of children with COHb concentrations above the safe level of 2.5% were 1, 43, and 92% in low-, moderate-, and high-traffic areas, respectively. Children with COHb above the safe level are 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65-6.38] times more likely to have ARI than children with COHb < 2.5%. Furthermore, with each percent increase in COHb above the safety level, children are 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03-1.28) times more likely to have an additional case of ARI. Our findings provide strong evidence of the relation between CO exposure and susceptibility to respiratory infections. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1289/ehp.7494 |
| format | Article |
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CO binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of CO on the respiratory system using COHb as a marker for chronic CO exposure. We examined the relationship between acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COHb concentrations in school-age children living in urban and suburban areas of Quito, Ecuador. We selected three schools located in areas with different traffic intensities and enrolled 960 children. To adjust for potential confounders we conducted a detailed survey. In a random subsample of 295 children, we determined that average COHb concentrations were significantly higher in children attending schools in areas with high and moderate traffic, compared with the low-traffic area. The percentage of children with COHb concentrations above the safe level of 2.5% were 1, 43, and 92% in low-, moderate-, and high-traffic areas, respectively. Children with COHb above the safe level are 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65-6.38] times more likely to have ARI than children with COHb < 2.5%. Furthermore, with each percent increase in COHb above the safety level, children are 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03-1.28) times more likely to have an additional case of ARI. Our findings provide strong evidence of the relation between CO exposure and susceptibility to respiratory infections.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0091-6765</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1552-9924</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7494</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15866771</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare</publisher><subject>Acute Disease ; Air Pollutants - adverse effects ; Air pollution ; Blood ; Carbon monoxide ; Carbon Monoxide - adverse effects ; Carboxyhemoglobin - analysis ; Child ; Child nutrition ; Children ; Children's Health ; Ecuador ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory tract infections ; Respiratory Tract Infections - etiology ; School age children ; Smoke ; Smoke curing ; Urban Population ; Vehicle Emissions</subject><ispartof>Environmental health perspectives, 2005-05, Vol.113 (5), p.607-611</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2005 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</rights><rights>Copyright National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences May 2005</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-c91cca50939aed36d6c19af2714c45babacd16380137779210c711e82b3b217c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-c91cca50939aed36d6c19af2714c45babacd16380137779210c711e82b3b217c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3436253$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3436253$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,803,864,885,27923,27924,53790,53792,58016,58249</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15866771$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Estrella, Bertha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Estrella, Ramiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oviedo, Jorge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Narváez, Ximena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reyes, María T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gutiérrez, Miguel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naumova, Elena N.</creatorcontrib><title>Acute Respiratory Diseases and Carboxyhemoglobin Status in School Children of Quito, Ecuador</title><title>Environmental health perspectives</title><addtitle>Environ Health Perspect</addtitle><description>Outdoor carbon monoxide comes mainly from vehicular emissions, and high concentrations occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. CO binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of CO on the respiratory system using COHb as a marker for chronic CO exposure. We examined the relationship between acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COHb concentrations in school-age children living in urban and suburban areas of Quito, Ecuador. We selected three schools located in areas with different traffic intensities and enrolled 960 children. To adjust for potential confounders we conducted a detailed survey. In a random subsample of 295 children, we determined that average COHb concentrations were significantly higher in children attending schools in areas with high and moderate traffic, compared with the low-traffic area. The percentage of children with COHb concentrations above the safe level of 2.5% were 1, 43, and 92% in low-, moderate-, and high-traffic areas, respectively. Children with COHb above the safe level are 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65-6.38] times more likely to have ARI than children with COHb < 2.5%. Furthermore, with each percent increase in COHb above the safety level, children are 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03-1.28) times more likely to have an additional case of ARI. Our findings provide strong evidence of the relation between CO exposure and susceptibility to respiratory infections.</description><subject>Acute Disease</subject><subject>Air Pollutants - adverse effects</subject><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Carbon monoxide</subject><subject>Carbon Monoxide - adverse effects</subject><subject>Carboxyhemoglobin - analysis</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child nutrition</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children's Health</subject><subject>Ecuador</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hematocrit</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Respiratory tract infections</subject><subject>Respiratory Tract Infections - etiology</subject><subject>School age children</subject><subject>Smoke</subject><subject>Smoke curing</subject><subject>Urban Population</subject><subject>Vehicle Emissions</subject><issn>0091-6765</issn><issn>1552-9924</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0_9r1DAUAPAiijun4B8gUvbDVLBnX9Ik7S_CcU4dDIab-pMQ0vTdNaPXnEkqu__elDvmToaT_pDSfN7Ll76XJM8hnwIpq3fYrqeiqIoHyQQYI1lVkeJhMsnzCjIuODtInnh_lec5lJw_Tg6AxVEImCQ_ZnoImF6gXxungnWb9IPxqDz6VPVNOleuttebFld22dna9OllUGHw6fimW2u7dN6arnHYp3aRfhlMsG_TEz2oxrqnyaOF6jw-242HybePJ1_nn7Oz80-n89lZpgVUIdMVaK1YXtFKYUN5wzVUakEEFLpgtaqVboDTMgcqhKgI5DEOsCQ1rQkITQ-T99u866FeYaOxD051cu3MSrmNtMrI_ZnetHJpf0kgTDDGYoJXuwTO_hzQB7kyXmPXqR7t4KUoaLxXDhDl8T8lAVpSRsi9EERBCMvL-2ERJZQjPPoLXtnB9fFiJSGExw2ycdlsi5aqQ2n6hY0H1kvsMZ7b9rgw8fMMKI375HxMOr3Dx6fBldF3BrzZC4gm4HVYqsF7eXp58f_2_Pu-Pb5lW1RdaL3thmBs7_fh6y3UznrvcHHznyGXYzfI2A1y7IZIX96uiz9wV_4RvNiCKx9L_2aeFpQTRulviDIKlg</recordid><startdate>20050501</startdate><enddate>20050501</enddate><creator>Estrella, Bertha</creator><creator>Estrella, Ramiro</creator><creator>Oviedo, Jorge</creator><creator>Narváez, Ximena</creator><creator>Reyes, María T.</creator><creator>Gutiérrez, Miguel</creator><creator>Naumova, Elena N.</creator><general>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 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Respiratory Diseases and Carboxyhemoglobin Status in School Children of Quito, Ecuador</atitle><jtitle>Environmental health perspectives</jtitle><addtitle>Environ Health Perspect</addtitle><date>2005-05-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>113</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>607</spage><epage>611</epage><pages>607-611</pages><issn>0091-6765</issn><eissn>1552-9924</eissn><abstract>Outdoor carbon monoxide comes mainly from vehicular emissions, and high concentrations occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. CO binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of CO on the respiratory system using COHb as a marker for chronic CO exposure. We examined the relationship between acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COHb concentrations in school-age children living in urban and suburban areas of Quito, Ecuador. We selected three schools located in areas with different traffic intensities and enrolled 960 children. To adjust for potential confounders we conducted a detailed survey. In a random subsample of 295 children, we determined that average COHb concentrations were significantly higher in children attending schools in areas with high and moderate traffic, compared with the low-traffic area. The percentage of children with COHb concentrations above the safe level of 2.5% were 1, 43, and 92% in low-, moderate-, and high-traffic areas, respectively. Children with COHb above the safe level are 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65-6.38] times more likely to have ARI than children with COHb < 2.5%. Furthermore, with each percent increase in COHb above the safety level, children are 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03-1.28) times more likely to have an additional case of ARI. Our findings provide strong evidence of the relation between CO exposure and susceptibility to respiratory infections.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare</pub><pmid>15866771</pmid><doi>10.1289/ehp.7494</doi><tpages>5</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acute Disease Air Pollutants - adverse effects Air pollution Blood Carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide - adverse effects Carboxyhemoglobin - analysis Child Child nutrition Children Children's Health Ecuador Environmental Exposure Female Hematocrit Humans Male Prospective Studies Respiratory tract infections Respiratory Tract Infections - etiology School age children Smoke Smoke curing Urban Population Vehicle Emissions |
| title | Acute Respiratory Diseases and Carboxyhemoglobin Status in School Children of Quito, Ecuador |
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