The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002–2019
Aims To measure the association between state cannabis policies and use among adults and youth in the United States from 2002 to 2019, given rapid policy liberalization and complex state cannabis policy environments. Design Repeated cross‐sectional time series analysis. Three sets of models assessed...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | Addiction (Abingdon, England) England), 2025-01, Vol.120 (1), p.164-170 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | 170 |
---|---|
container_issue | 1 |
container_start_page | 164 |
container_title | Addiction (Abingdon, England) |
container_volume | 120 |
creator | Pessar, Seema Choksy Smart, Rosanna Naimi, Tim Lira, Marlene Blanchette, Jason Boustead, Anne Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo |
description | Aims
To measure the association between state cannabis policies and use among adults and youth in the United States from 2002 to 2019, given rapid policy liberalization and complex state cannabis policy environments.
Design
Repeated cross‐sectional time series analysis. Three sets of models assessed the linear association between the Cannabis Policy Scale (CPS), an aggregate measure of 17 state cannabis policy areas that weights each policy by its efficacy and implementation rating, and prevalence of cannabis use. The first included year and state fixed effects; the second added state‐level controls; the third replaced state fixed effects with state random effects. Standard errors were clustered at the state level in all models.
Setting and participants
United States.
Measurements
Past‐month prevalence of cannabis use is from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health Small Area Estimates, a nationally and state‐representative cross‐sectional survey of household population ages 12 and older for years 2002–2003 to 2018–2019. Exposure data include the CPS.
Findings
A 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS (i.e. greater cannabis policy restrictiveness) was associated with lower past‐month use prevalence by 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] = ‐1.05 to −0.56) to 0.97 (95% CI = ‐1.19 to −0.75) percentage‐points for the population ages 12 years and older. When models were stratified by age, a 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS was associated with a 0.87 (95% CI = ‐1.13 to −0.61) to 1.04 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐1.03 to −0.84) reduction in past‐month use prevalence for adults ages 18 years and older, and a 0.17 (95% CI = ‐0.24 to −0.09) to 0.21 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐0.35 to −0.07) reduction for youth ages 12–17 years.
Conclusions
More restrictive US cannabis policies appear to be associated with reduced cannabis use for both adults and youth. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/add.16663 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11638504</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3143459754</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-p2653-e7fc09e3760ef7fe6a0833b04c89b837e3e76288f054dffdae4acfffa9c678b33</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkctOHDEQRS2UCCYki_xAZCmbLGgot91-rCIE5CEhZRFYW253mTHqsSft7qDZ5R_yh3xJehhCHt5Uqe71UZUuIa8ZHLP5nbiuO2ZSSr5HFoxLqEAI_owswMimqpmAA_KilFsAUNqIfXLADZ_72ixIuVoidaVkH90Yc6ItjneIiZbRjUi9S8m1sdB17qOPWKhL3Z_pVObPq5xuqOumftypmzyNyyN6neKIHf265ZQjWgPU9z9-1sDMS_I8uL7gq8d6SK4_XFydfaouv3z8fHZ6Wa1r2fAKVfBgkCsJGFRA6UBz3oLw2rSaK-SoZK11gEZ0IXQOhfMhBGe8VLrl_JC833HXU7vCzmMaB9fb9RBXbtjY7KL9V0lxaW_yd8uY5LoBMRPePRKG_G3CMtpVLB773iXMU7GcgWKN1rWerW__s97maUjzfbNLcNEY1WyBb_5e6WmX34HMhpOd4S72uHnSGdht0nZO2j4kbU_Pzx8a_gvahpwz</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3143459754</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002–2019</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Journals</source><source>PAIS Index</source><creator>Pessar, Seema Choksy ; Smart, Rosanna ; Naimi, Tim ; Lira, Marlene ; Blanchette, Jason ; Boustead, Anne ; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo</creator><creatorcontrib>Pessar, Seema Choksy ; Smart, Rosanna ; Naimi, Tim ; Lira, Marlene ; Blanchette, Jason ; Boustead, Anne ; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo</creatorcontrib><description>Aims
To measure the association between state cannabis policies and use among adults and youth in the United States from 2002 to 2019, given rapid policy liberalization and complex state cannabis policy environments.
Design
Repeated cross‐sectional time series analysis. Three sets of models assessed the linear association between the Cannabis Policy Scale (CPS), an aggregate measure of 17 state cannabis policy areas that weights each policy by its efficacy and implementation rating, and prevalence of cannabis use. The first included year and state fixed effects; the second added state‐level controls; the third replaced state fixed effects with state random effects. Standard errors were clustered at the state level in all models.
Setting and participants
United States.
Measurements
Past‐month prevalence of cannabis use is from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health Small Area Estimates, a nationally and state‐representative cross‐sectional survey of household population ages 12 and older for years 2002–2003 to 2018–2019. Exposure data include the CPS.
Findings
A 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS (i.e. greater cannabis policy restrictiveness) was associated with lower past‐month use prevalence by 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] = ‐1.05 to −0.56) to 0.97 (95% CI = ‐1.19 to −0.75) percentage‐points for the population ages 12 years and older. When models were stratified by age, a 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS was associated with a 0.87 (95% CI = ‐1.13 to −0.61) to 1.04 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐1.03 to −0.84) reduction in past‐month use prevalence for adults ages 18 years and older, and a 0.17 (95% CI = ‐0.24 to −0.09) to 0.21 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐0.35 to −0.07) reduction for youth ages 12–17 years.
Conclusions
More restrictive US cannabis policies appear to be associated with reduced cannabis use for both adults and youth.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0965-2140</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1360-0443</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1360-0443</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/add.16663</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39300729</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Adults ; Cannabis ; cannabis legalization ; cannabis policy ; cannabis use ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug abuse ; Drug policy ; Efficacy ; Errors ; Female ; Health Policy - legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Liberalization ; Male ; Marijuana ; marijuana legalization ; marijuana policy ; marijuana use ; Marijuana Use - epidemiology ; Marijuana Use - legislation & jurisprudence ; Measures ; Polls & surveys ; Prevalence ; Public Policy ; Random effects ; Short Report ; State Government ; Substance use disorder ; Surveys ; Time series ; United States - epidemiology ; Young Adult ; Young adults ; Youth</subject><ispartof>Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2025-01, Vol.120 (1), p.164-170</ispartof><rights>2024 RAND Corporation and The Author(s). published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.</rights><rights>2024 RAND Corporation and The Author(s). Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.</rights><rights>2024. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><orcidid>0000-0003-2942-3974 ; 0000-0002-1568-2097 ; 0000-0002-6145-9865 ; 0000-0001-9849-4413</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fadd.16663$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fadd.16663$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27866,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39300729$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pessar, Seema Choksy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smart, Rosanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naimi, Tim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lira, Marlene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanchette, Jason</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boustead, Anne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo</creatorcontrib><title>The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002–2019</title><title>Addiction (Abingdon, England)</title><addtitle>Addiction</addtitle><description>Aims
To measure the association between state cannabis policies and use among adults and youth in the United States from 2002 to 2019, given rapid policy liberalization and complex state cannabis policy environments.
Design
Repeated cross‐sectional time series analysis. Three sets of models assessed the linear association between the Cannabis Policy Scale (CPS), an aggregate measure of 17 state cannabis policy areas that weights each policy by its efficacy and implementation rating, and prevalence of cannabis use. The first included year and state fixed effects; the second added state‐level controls; the third replaced state fixed effects with state random effects. Standard errors were clustered at the state level in all models.
Setting and participants
United States.
Measurements
Past‐month prevalence of cannabis use is from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health Small Area Estimates, a nationally and state‐representative cross‐sectional survey of household population ages 12 and older for years 2002–2003 to 2018–2019. Exposure data include the CPS.
Findings
A 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS (i.e. greater cannabis policy restrictiveness) was associated with lower past‐month use prevalence by 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] = ‐1.05 to −0.56) to 0.97 (95% CI = ‐1.19 to −0.75) percentage‐points for the population ages 12 years and older. When models were stratified by age, a 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS was associated with a 0.87 (95% CI = ‐1.13 to −0.61) to 1.04 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐1.03 to −0.84) reduction in past‐month use prevalence for adults ages 18 years and older, and a 0.17 (95% CI = ‐0.24 to −0.09) to 0.21 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐0.35 to −0.07) reduction for youth ages 12–17 years.
Conclusions
More restrictive US cannabis policies appear to be associated with reduced cannabis use for both adults and youth.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Cannabis</subject><subject>cannabis legalization</subject><subject>cannabis policy</subject><subject>cannabis use</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug policy</subject><subject>Efficacy</subject><subject>Errors</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health Policy - legislation & jurisprudence</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Liberalization</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Marijuana</subject><subject>marijuana legalization</subject><subject>marijuana policy</subject><subject>marijuana use</subject><subject>Marijuana Use - epidemiology</subject><subject>Marijuana Use - legislation & jurisprudence</subject><subject>Measures</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Public Policy</subject><subject>Random effects</subject><subject>Short Report</subject><subject>State Government</subject><subject>Substance use disorder</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>Time series</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><subject>Young adults</subject><subject>Youth</subject><issn>0965-2140</issn><issn>1360-0443</issn><issn>1360-0443</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkctOHDEQRS2UCCYki_xAZCmbLGgot91-rCIE5CEhZRFYW253mTHqsSft7qDZ5R_yh3xJehhCHt5Uqe71UZUuIa8ZHLP5nbiuO2ZSSr5HFoxLqEAI_owswMimqpmAA_KilFsAUNqIfXLADZ_72ixIuVoidaVkH90Yc6ItjneIiZbRjUi9S8m1sdB17qOPWKhL3Z_pVObPq5xuqOumftypmzyNyyN6neKIHf265ZQjWgPU9z9-1sDMS_I8uL7gq8d6SK4_XFydfaouv3z8fHZ6Wa1r2fAKVfBgkCsJGFRA6UBz3oLw2rSaK-SoZK11gEZ0IXQOhfMhBGe8VLrl_JC833HXU7vCzmMaB9fb9RBXbtjY7KL9V0lxaW_yd8uY5LoBMRPePRKG_G3CMtpVLB773iXMU7GcgWKN1rWerW__s97maUjzfbNLcNEY1WyBb_5e6WmX34HMhpOd4S72uHnSGdht0nZO2j4kbU_Pzx8a_gvahpwz</recordid><startdate>202501</startdate><enddate>202501</enddate><creator>Pessar, Seema Choksy</creator><creator>Smart, Rosanna</creator><creator>Naimi, Tim</creator><creator>Lira, Marlene</creator><creator>Blanchette, Jason</creator><creator>Boustead, Anne</creator><creator>Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>John Wiley and Sons Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2942-3974</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-2097</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6145-9865</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9849-4413</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202501</creationdate><title>The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002–2019</title><author>Pessar, Seema Choksy ; Smart, Rosanna ; Naimi, Tim ; Lira, Marlene ; Blanchette, Jason ; Boustead, Anne ; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-p2653-e7fc09e3760ef7fe6a0833b04c89b837e3e76288f054dffdae4acfffa9c678b33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Cannabis</topic><topic>cannabis legalization</topic><topic>cannabis policy</topic><topic>cannabis use</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Drug policy</topic><topic>Efficacy</topic><topic>Errors</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health Policy - legislation & jurisprudence</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Liberalization</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Marijuana</topic><topic>marijuana legalization</topic><topic>marijuana policy</topic><topic>marijuana use</topic><topic>Marijuana Use - epidemiology</topic><topic>Marijuana Use - legislation & jurisprudence</topic><topic>Measures</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Public Policy</topic><topic>Random effects</topic><topic>Short Report</topic><topic>State Government</topic><topic>Substance use disorder</topic><topic>Surveys</topic><topic>Time series</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><topic>Young adults</topic><topic>Youth</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pessar, Seema Choksy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smart, Rosanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naimi, Tim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lira, Marlene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanchette, Jason</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boustead, Anne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library (Open Access Collection)</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library (Open Access Collection)</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>PAIS Index</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>PAIS International</collection><collection>PAIS International (Ovid)</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Addiction (Abingdon, England)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pessar, Seema Choksy</au><au>Smart, Rosanna</au><au>Naimi, Tim</au><au>Lira, Marlene</au><au>Blanchette, Jason</au><au>Boustead, Anne</au><au>Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002–2019</atitle><jtitle>Addiction (Abingdon, England)</jtitle><addtitle>Addiction</addtitle><date>2025-01</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>120</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>164</spage><epage>170</epage><pages>164-170</pages><issn>0965-2140</issn><issn>1360-0443</issn><eissn>1360-0443</eissn><abstract>Aims
To measure the association between state cannabis policies and use among adults and youth in the United States from 2002 to 2019, given rapid policy liberalization and complex state cannabis policy environments.
Design
Repeated cross‐sectional time series analysis. Three sets of models assessed the linear association between the Cannabis Policy Scale (CPS), an aggregate measure of 17 state cannabis policy areas that weights each policy by its efficacy and implementation rating, and prevalence of cannabis use. The first included year and state fixed effects; the second added state‐level controls; the third replaced state fixed effects with state random effects. Standard errors were clustered at the state level in all models.
Setting and participants
United States.
Measurements
Past‐month prevalence of cannabis use is from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health Small Area Estimates, a nationally and state‐representative cross‐sectional survey of household population ages 12 and older for years 2002–2003 to 2018–2019. Exposure data include the CPS.
Findings
A 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS (i.e. greater cannabis policy restrictiveness) was associated with lower past‐month use prevalence by 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] = ‐1.05 to −0.56) to 0.97 (95% CI = ‐1.19 to −0.75) percentage‐points for the population ages 12 years and older. When models were stratified by age, a 10 percentage‐point increase in the CPS was associated with a 0.87 (95% CI = ‐1.13 to −0.61) to 1.04 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐1.03 to −0.84) reduction in past‐month use prevalence for adults ages 18 years and older, and a 0.17 (95% CI = ‐0.24 to −0.09) to 0.21 percentage‐point (95% CI = ‐0.35 to −0.07) reduction for youth ages 12–17 years.
Conclusions
More restrictive US cannabis policies appear to be associated with reduced cannabis use for both adults and youth.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>39300729</pmid><doi>10.1111/add.16663</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2942-3974</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-2097</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6145-9865</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9849-4413</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0965-2140 |
ispartof | Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2025-01, Vol.120 (1), p.164-170 |
issn | 0965-2140 1360-0443 1360-0443 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11638504 |
source | MEDLINE; Wiley Journals; PAIS Index |
subjects | Adolescent Adult Adults Cannabis cannabis legalization cannabis policy cannabis use Child Cross-Sectional Studies Drug abuse Drug policy Efficacy Errors Female Health Policy - legislation & jurisprudence Humans Liberalization Male Marijuana marijuana legalization marijuana policy marijuana use Marijuana Use - epidemiology Marijuana Use - legislation & jurisprudence Measures Polls & surveys Prevalence Public Policy Random effects Short Report State Government Substance use disorder Surveys Time series United States - epidemiology Young Adult Young adults Youth |
title | The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002–2019 |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-24T03%3A30%3A59IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20association%20between%20state%20cannabis%20policies%20and%20cannabis%20use%20among%20adults%20and%20youth,%20United%20States,%202002%E2%80%932019&rft.jtitle=Addiction%20(Abingdon,%20England)&rft.au=Pessar,%20Seema%20Choksy&rft.date=2025-01&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=164&rft.epage=170&rft.pages=164-170&rft.issn=0965-2140&rft.eissn=1360-0443&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/add.16663&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E3143459754%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=3143459754&rft_id=info:pmid/39300729&rfr_iscdi=true |