Exposure to bacterial PAMPs before RSV infection exacerbates innate inflammation and disease via IL-1α and TNF-α

(1) Intranasal exposure to bacterial PAMPs increases the expression of cytokine and chemokines, in particular (2) IL-1α and TNF-α. (3) The expression of cytokines and chemokines drives the recruitment of innate immune cells including neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes into the lung. (4) When mic...

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