Antigenic Divergence from the Seasonal Vaccine of the Influenza Virus Strains Circulating in Romania During Three Successive Seasons (2021–2024)
Influenza viruses continue to be an important public health threat. Vaccination is the most effective measure to control the influenza virus circulation. However, these viruses are continuously evolving through antigenic drift/shift, and thus the vaccine efficiency is affected. The aim of this study...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Microorganisms (Basel) 2024-11, Vol.12 (11), p.2363 |
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| creator | Vlaicu, Ovidiu Banica, Leontina Hohan, Robert Surleac, Marius Florea, Dragoş Miron, Victor Daniel Tudor, Andreea Săndulescu, Oana Drăgănescu, Anca Cristina Oțelea, Dan Paraschiv, Simona |
| description | Influenza viruses continue to be an important public health threat. Vaccination is the most effective measure to control the influenza virus circulation. However, these viruses are continuously evolving through antigenic drift/shift, and thus the vaccine efficiency is affected. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral strains circulating in Romania, in a population with declining vaccination coverage, during the last three cold seasons by evaluating the hemagglutinin antigenic relatedness to the vaccine strains. All the available sequences collected between August 2021 and June 2024 were analyzed by using phylogenetic analysis and the Pepitope model to predict vaccine efficacy. The results showed that the 2021/2022 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of highly diverse clades of A(H3N2) viruses with high mutational divergence as compared to the vaccine strain, which might contribute to the reduction in vaccine efficacy. During the 2022/2023 influenza season, both influenza A and B viruses were reported, with few antigenic site mutations. The 2023/2024 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of influenza A viruses: A/H1N1pdm09 clade 6B.1A.5a.2a and A/H3N2 clade 2a.3a.1. The clade 2a.3a.1 also showed high variability when compared to the vaccine strain, presumably leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. This study illustrates the high diversity of influenza viruses circulating in a population with low vaccination coverage during the previous cold seasons. The viral diversity impacted vaccine efficacy, hence the need for public health programs to increase vaccine uptake and improve vaccine formulation in order to limit viral transmission. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/microorganisms12112363 |
| format | Article |
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Vaccination is the most effective measure to control the influenza virus circulation. However, these viruses are continuously evolving through antigenic drift/shift, and thus the vaccine efficiency is affected. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral strains circulating in Romania, in a population with declining vaccination coverage, during the last three cold seasons by evaluating the hemagglutinin antigenic relatedness to the vaccine strains. All the available sequences collected between August 2021 and June 2024 were analyzed by using phylogenetic analysis and the Pepitope model to predict vaccine efficacy. The results showed that the 2021/2022 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of highly diverse clades of A(H3N2) viruses with high mutational divergence as compared to the vaccine strain, which might contribute to the reduction in vaccine efficacy. During the 2022/2023 influenza season, both influenza A and B viruses were reported, with few antigenic site mutations. The 2023/2024 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of influenza A viruses: A/H1N1pdm09 clade 6B.1A.5a.2a and A/H3N2 clade 2a.3a.1. The clade 2a.3a.1 also showed high variability when compared to the vaccine strain, presumably leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. This study illustrates the high diversity of influenza viruses circulating in a population with low vaccination coverage during the previous cold seasons. The viral diversity impacted vaccine efficacy, hence the need for public health programs to increase vaccine uptake and improve vaccine formulation in order to limit viral transmission.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2076-2607</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2076-2607</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112363</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Amino acids ; Antigenic drift ; Antigens ; Circulation ; Cold season ; Effectiveness ; Epidemics ; Genomes ; Health risks ; Hemagglutinins ; Immunization ; Infectious diseases ; Influenza ; Influenza A ; Mathematical models ; Maximum likelihood method ; Mutation ; Older people ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; Population decline ; Population studies ; Public health ; RNA polymerase ; Seasons ; Strains (organisms) ; Vaccine efficacy ; Vaccines ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>Microorganisms (Basel), 2024-11, Vol.12 (11), p.2363</ispartof><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1314-97f7a39648b8ac7ec78f14aa0a852c6ff0ad27071b6e82b6d18ff94884cb947f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8616-6559 ; 0000-0003-3218-4644 ; 0000-0001-9956-951X ; 0000-0001-7328-6861 ; 0000-0001-6707-3720 ; 0000-0002-0458-1012 ; 0000-0002-2586-4070 ; 0000-0002-2318-5365</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11596464/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11596464/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,866,887,27933,27934,53800,53802</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Vlaicu, Ovidiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banica, Leontina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hohan, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Surleac, Marius</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Florea, Dragoş</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miron, Victor Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tudor, Andreea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Săndulescu, Oana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drăgănescu, Anca Cristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oțelea, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paraschiv, Simona</creatorcontrib><title>Antigenic Divergence from the Seasonal Vaccine of the Influenza Virus Strains Circulating in Romania During Three Successive Seasons (2021–2024)</title><title>Microorganisms (Basel)</title><description>Influenza viruses continue to be an important public health threat. Vaccination is the most effective measure to control the influenza virus circulation. However, these viruses are continuously evolving through antigenic drift/shift, and thus the vaccine efficiency is affected. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral strains circulating in Romania, in a population with declining vaccination coverage, during the last three cold seasons by evaluating the hemagglutinin antigenic relatedness to the vaccine strains. All the available sequences collected between August 2021 and June 2024 were analyzed by using phylogenetic analysis and the Pepitope model to predict vaccine efficacy. The results showed that the 2021/2022 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of highly diverse clades of A(H3N2) viruses with high mutational divergence as compared to the vaccine strain, which might contribute to the reduction in vaccine efficacy. During the 2022/2023 influenza season, both influenza A and B viruses were reported, with few antigenic site mutations. The 2023/2024 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of influenza A viruses: A/H1N1pdm09 clade 6B.1A.5a.2a and A/H3N2 clade 2a.3a.1. The clade 2a.3a.1 also showed high variability when compared to the vaccine strain, presumably leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. This study illustrates the high diversity of influenza viruses circulating in a population with low vaccination coverage during the previous cold seasons. The viral diversity impacted vaccine efficacy, hence the need for public health programs to increase vaccine uptake and improve vaccine formulation in order to limit viral transmission.</description><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Antigenic drift</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Circulation</subject><subject>Cold season</subject><subject>Effectiveness</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hemagglutinins</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Influenza A</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Maximum likelihood method</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Older people</subject><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Population decline</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>RNA polymerase</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Strains (organisms)</subject><subject>Vaccine efficacy</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>2076-2607</issn><issn>2076-2607</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNptkc9qGzEQxpeSQEOaVyiCXtqDE_2zpD0V4zRNIBCIU1_FrCzZMrtSIu0amlOeoX3DPknl2IQEMpcZZobfN9JXVZ8JPmWsxmedNynGtITgc5cJJYQywT5URxRLMaICy4NX9cfqJOc1LlETpsbkqPozCb1f2uANOvcbm0ppLHIpdqhfWTSzkGOAFs3BGB8siu65fxVcO9jwCGju05DRrE_gQ0ZTn8zQQu_DEvmAbmNXDgN0PqRt526VbGEOxtici9oen9FXiin59_S3JP7tU3XooM32ZJ-Pq18XP-6ml6Prm59X08n1yBBG-KiWTgKrBVeNAiOtkcoRDoBBjakRzmFYUIklaYRVtBELopyruVLcNDWXjh1X33fc-6Hp7MLYUB7R6vvkO0i_dQSv306CX-ll3GhCxkVW8EL4siek-DDY3Ot1HFL5rqwZYYxxXKtx2RK7reJUzsm6FwmC9dZE_b6J7D8V7JcY</recordid><startdate>20241119</startdate><enddate>20241119</enddate><creator>Vlaicu, Ovidiu</creator><creator>Banica, Leontina</creator><creator>Hohan, Robert</creator><creator>Surleac, Marius</creator><creator>Florea, Dragoş</creator><creator>Miron, Victor Daniel</creator><creator>Tudor, Andreea</creator><creator>Săndulescu, Oana</creator><creator>Drăgănescu, Anca Cristina</creator><creator>Oțelea, Dan</creator><creator>Paraschiv, Simona</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8616-6559</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3218-4644</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9956-951X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7328-6861</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-3720</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-1012</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-4070</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-5365</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241119</creationdate><title>Antigenic Divergence from the Seasonal Vaccine of the Influenza Virus Strains Circulating in Romania During Three Successive Seasons (2021–2024)</title><author>Vlaicu, Ovidiu ; Banica, Leontina ; Hohan, Robert ; Surleac, Marius ; Florea, Dragoş ; Miron, Victor Daniel ; Tudor, Andreea ; Săndulescu, Oana ; Drăgănescu, Anca Cristina ; Oțelea, Dan ; Paraschiv, Simona</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1314-97f7a39648b8ac7ec78f14aa0a852c6ff0ad27071b6e82b6d18ff94884cb947f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>Antigenic drift</topic><topic>Antigens</topic><topic>Circulation</topic><topic>Cold season</topic><topic>Effectiveness</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Hemagglutinins</topic><topic>Immunization</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Influenza</topic><topic>Influenza A</topic><topic>Mathematical models</topic><topic>Maximum likelihood method</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Older people</topic><topic>Phylogenetics</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Population decline</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>RNA polymerase</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Strains (organisms)</topic><topic>Vaccine efficacy</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Vlaicu, Ovidiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banica, Leontina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hohan, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Surleac, Marius</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Florea, Dragoş</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miron, Victor Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tudor, Andreea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Săndulescu, Oana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drăgănescu, Anca Cristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oțelea, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paraschiv, Simona</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Microorganisms (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Vlaicu, Ovidiu</au><au>Banica, Leontina</au><au>Hohan, Robert</au><au>Surleac, Marius</au><au>Florea, Dragoş</au><au>Miron, Victor Daniel</au><au>Tudor, Andreea</au><au>Săndulescu, Oana</au><au>Drăgănescu, Anca Cristina</au><au>Oțelea, Dan</au><au>Paraschiv, Simona</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Antigenic Divergence from the Seasonal Vaccine of the Influenza Virus Strains Circulating in Romania During Three Successive Seasons (2021–2024)</atitle><jtitle>Microorganisms (Basel)</jtitle><date>2024-11-19</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>2363</spage><pages>2363-</pages><issn>2076-2607</issn><eissn>2076-2607</eissn><abstract>Influenza viruses continue to be an important public health threat. Vaccination is the most effective measure to control the influenza virus circulation. However, these viruses are continuously evolving through antigenic drift/shift, and thus the vaccine efficiency is affected. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral strains circulating in Romania, in a population with declining vaccination coverage, during the last three cold seasons by evaluating the hemagglutinin antigenic relatedness to the vaccine strains. All the available sequences collected between August 2021 and June 2024 were analyzed by using phylogenetic analysis and the Pepitope model to predict vaccine efficacy. The results showed that the 2021/2022 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of highly diverse clades of A(H3N2) viruses with high mutational divergence as compared to the vaccine strain, which might contribute to the reduction in vaccine efficacy. During the 2022/2023 influenza season, both influenza A and B viruses were reported, with few antigenic site mutations. The 2023/2024 influenza season was dominated by the circulation of influenza A viruses: A/H1N1pdm09 clade 6B.1A.5a.2a and A/H3N2 clade 2a.3a.1. The clade 2a.3a.1 also showed high variability when compared to the vaccine strain, presumably leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. This study illustrates the high diversity of influenza viruses circulating in a population with low vaccination coverage during the previous cold seasons. 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| subjects | Amino acids Antigenic drift Antigens Circulation Cold season Effectiveness Epidemics Genomes Health risks Hemagglutinins Immunization Infectious diseases Influenza Influenza A Mathematical models Maximum likelihood method Mutation Older people Phylogenetics Phylogeny Population decline Population studies Public health RNA polymerase Seasons Strains (organisms) Vaccine efficacy Vaccines Viruses |
| title | Antigenic Divergence from the Seasonal Vaccine of the Influenza Virus Strains Circulating in Romania During Three Successive Seasons (2021–2024) |
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