Quantitative Assessment of Human Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal and Bacterial Pollution in Groundwater from Mankweng in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Heavy metal and microbial pollution in groundwater raises health concerns due to its adverse effects. This study aimed to assess the health risks associated with heavy metal and bacterial pollution in groundwater in Mankweng. Heavy metals and were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spect...

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Veröffentlicht in:International journal of environmental research and public health 2024-11, Vol.21 (11), p.1489
Hauptverfasser: Maliehe, Tsolanku Sidney, Mavingo, Nelisiwe, Selepe, Tlou Nelson, Masoko, Peter, Mashao, Frederick Mokibelo, Nyamutswa, Neville
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container_issue 11
container_start_page 1489
container_title International journal of environmental research and public health
container_volume 21
creator Maliehe, Tsolanku Sidney
Mavingo, Nelisiwe
Selepe, Tlou Nelson
Masoko, Peter
Mashao, Frederick Mokibelo
Nyamutswa, Neville
description Heavy metal and microbial pollution in groundwater raises health concerns due to its adverse effects. This study aimed to assess the health risks associated with heavy metal and bacterial pollution in groundwater in Mankweng. Heavy metals and were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry and a Colilert system, respectively. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were computed. The β-Poisson dose-response model was employed to predict the probability of infection. The metals' concentrations were all within the permissible limits of the South African National Standard (SANS). However, Pb levels at sites E and G exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline (≤0.01 mg/L). HPI values were all less than 100, indicative of low contamination. The hazard quotient values were all less than 1, except for vanadium. The cumulative cancer risk ranged between 3.06 × 10 and 1.81 × 10 and between 3.55 × 10 and 2.20 × 10 for adults and children, respectively. was only detected at site L. The annual risk of infection exceeded the WHO risk limit of 10 . The results underscore the need for the regular monitoring of groundwater.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/ijerph21111489
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subjects Adult
Antimicrobial agents
Cadmium
Carcinogens
Child
Contamination
Developing countries
Drinking water
Drug resistance
E coli
Environmental Monitoring
Escherichia coli - drug effects
Escherichia coli - isolation & purification
Escherichia coli Infections - epidemiology
Groundwater
Groundwater - chemistry
Groundwater - microbiology
Health risk assessment
Health risks
Heavy metals
Households
Humans
LDCs
Metals, Heavy - analysis
Metals, Heavy - toxicity
Microorganisms
Pathogens
Pollutants
Pollution
Precipitation
Risk Assessment
Sanitation
South Africa
Water Microbiology
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity
Water quality
title Quantitative Assessment of Human Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal and Bacterial Pollution in Groundwater from Mankweng in Limpopo Province, South Africa
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