The Cost of Self‐Defense: Browsing Effects in the Rare Plant Species Salix arizonica
ABSTRACT Coevolution between plants and their animal predators has led to diverse defensive adaptations. Multiple theories of defense propose that there are resource allocation costs associated with producing chemical defenses. One leading hypothesis, optimal defense theory (ODT), suggests that natu...
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| creator | Lencioni, Shannon J. Massatti, Rob Keefover‐Ring, Ken Holeski, Liza M. |
| description | ABSTRACT
Coevolution between plants and their animal predators has led to diverse defensive adaptations. Multiple theories of defense propose that there are resource allocation costs associated with producing chemical defenses. One leading hypothesis, optimal defense theory (ODT), suggests that natural selection will result in the allocation of resources to defenses that optimize the cost‐to‐benefit ratio between defense and other functional processes. The population decline of the rare subalpine wetland species, Arizona willow (Salix arizonica), has been attributed to various biotic and abiotic factors, with browsing from wild and domestic ungulates as a significant concern for at least three decades. In a field experiment using natural populations, we compare the relationship between phytochemical defense and height in Arizona willows with and without long‐term protection from browsing via browse exclosures. Consistent with the predictions of ODT, individuals with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentrations and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. A similar pattern was found across all individuals, whereby total PG concentration and height were negatively correlated. In a short‐term experiment in natural populations, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species. Delayed reduction in PG concentration may serve as a benefit to avoid mismatches between environmental cues and responses. Our research sheds light on the intricate dynamics between plant‐defense strategies, environmental pressures, and evolutionary adaptations in shaping plant–browser interactions.
Willows with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentration and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. In contrast, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ece3.70582 |
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Coevolution between plants and their animal predators has led to diverse defensive adaptations. Multiple theories of defense propose that there are resource allocation costs associated with producing chemical defenses. One leading hypothesis, optimal defense theory (ODT), suggests that natural selection will result in the allocation of resources to defenses that optimize the cost‐to‐benefit ratio between defense and other functional processes. The population decline of the rare subalpine wetland species, Arizona willow (Salix arizonica), has been attributed to various biotic and abiotic factors, with browsing from wild and domestic ungulates as a significant concern for at least three decades. In a field experiment using natural populations, we compare the relationship between phytochemical defense and height in Arizona willows with and without long‐term protection from browsing via browse exclosures. Consistent with the predictions of ODT, individuals with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentrations and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. A similar pattern was found across all individuals, whereby total PG concentration and height were negatively correlated. In a short‐term experiment in natural populations, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species. Delayed reduction in PG concentration may serve as a benefit to avoid mismatches between environmental cues and responses. Our research sheds light on the intricate dynamics between plant‐defense strategies, environmental pressures, and evolutionary adaptations in shaping plant–browser interactions.
Willows with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentration and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. In contrast, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-7758</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-7758</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70582</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39583043</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Abiotic factors ; Adaptation ; Browsing ; Chemical defense ; Chemical Ecology ; Coevolution ; Conservation Ecology ; Cost allocation ; Ecological adaptation ; Endangered & extinct species ; Evolutionary Ecology ; Glycosides ; Growing season ; Herbivores ; Hybridization ; Leaves ; Metabolites ; Morphology ; Natural populations ; Natural selection ; optimal defense theory ; Optimization ; Phenolic compounds ; phenolic glycosides ; Phenols ; Phytochemicals ; Plant growth ; Plant layout ; Plant species ; Population decline ; Populations ; Predators ; Rare species ; Resource allocation ; Salix arizonica ; trade‐offs ; Trophic Interactions ; Ungulates ; Willow</subject><ispartof>Ecology and evolution, 2024-11, Vol.14 (11), p.e70582-n/a</ispartof><rights>2024 The Author(s). published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.</rights><rights>2024 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.</rights><rights>2024. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3192-911be93e162f1cf8de9407c486f381df3c68b55fb116204b8b28b382df6501a53</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5782-6861 ; 0000-0002-7267-7585 ; 0000-0001-7660-102X ; 0000-0001-5854-5597</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11586088/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11586088/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,1418,2103,11567,27929,27930,45579,45580,46057,46481,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39583043$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lencioni, Shannon J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Massatti, Rob</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keefover‐Ring, Ken</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Holeski, Liza M.</creatorcontrib><title>The Cost of Self‐Defense: Browsing Effects in the Rare Plant Species Salix arizonica</title><title>Ecology and evolution</title><addtitle>Ecol Evol</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
Coevolution between plants and their animal predators has led to diverse defensive adaptations. Multiple theories of defense propose that there are resource allocation costs associated with producing chemical defenses. One leading hypothesis, optimal defense theory (ODT), suggests that natural selection will result in the allocation of resources to defenses that optimize the cost‐to‐benefit ratio between defense and other functional processes. The population decline of the rare subalpine wetland species, Arizona willow (Salix arizonica), has been attributed to various biotic and abiotic factors, with browsing from wild and domestic ungulates as a significant concern for at least three decades. In a field experiment using natural populations, we compare the relationship between phytochemical defense and height in Arizona willows with and without long‐term protection from browsing via browse exclosures. Consistent with the predictions of ODT, individuals with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentrations and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. A similar pattern was found across all individuals, whereby total PG concentration and height were negatively correlated. In a short‐term experiment in natural populations, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species. Delayed reduction in PG concentration may serve as a benefit to avoid mismatches between environmental cues and responses. Our research sheds light on the intricate dynamics between plant‐defense strategies, environmental pressures, and evolutionary adaptations in shaping plant–browser interactions.
Willows with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentration and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. In contrast, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species.</description><subject>Abiotic factors</subject><subject>Adaptation</subject><subject>Browsing</subject><subject>Chemical defense</subject><subject>Chemical Ecology</subject><subject>Coevolution</subject><subject>Conservation Ecology</subject><subject>Cost allocation</subject><subject>Ecological adaptation</subject><subject>Endangered & extinct species</subject><subject>Evolutionary Ecology</subject><subject>Glycosides</subject><subject>Growing season</subject><subject>Herbivores</subject><subject>Hybridization</subject><subject>Leaves</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Natural populations</subject><subject>Natural selection</subject><subject>optimal defense theory</subject><subject>Optimization</subject><subject>Phenolic compounds</subject><subject>phenolic glycosides</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Phytochemicals</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>Plant layout</subject><subject>Plant species</subject><subject>Population decline</subject><subject>Populations</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Rare species</subject><subject>Resource allocation</subject><subject>Salix arizonica</subject><subject>trade‐offs</subject><subject>Trophic Interactions</subject><subject>Ungulates</subject><subject>Willow</subject><issn>2045-7758</issn><issn>2045-7758</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kdFqFDEUhgdRbGl74wNIwBsRts1JJjMZb0TXVQuFFrd6G5LMyTbL7GSbzFrrlY_gM_okZju1tF6Ym4STj4-f8xfFM6CHQCk7Qov8sKZCskfFLqOlmNS1kI_vvXeKg5SWNJ-KspLWT4sd3gjJacl3i6_nF0imIQ0kODLHzv3--es9OuwTvibvYrhKvl-QmXNoh0R8T4bMf9YRyVmn-4HM12g9JjLXnf9OdPQ_Qu-t3i-eON0lPLi994ovH2bn00-Tk9OPx9O3JxPLoWGTBsBgwxEq5sA62WKTA9pSVo5LaB23lTRCOAOZoKWRhknDJWtdJShowfeK49HbBr1U6-hXOl6roL26GYS4UDoO3naoZAPGojOuRVtqrnVTSyZRgxXWlGCy683oWm_MCluL_RB190D68Kf3F2oRvikAISsqZTa8vDXEcLnBNKiVTxa7vCkMm6Q4cJZBCpDRF_-gy7CJfd7VluJClBWvM_VqpGwMKUV0d2mAqm39alu_uqk_w8_v579D_5adARiBK9_h9X9Uajad8VH6B5aAuXc</recordid><startdate>202411</startdate><enddate>202411</enddate><creator>Lencioni, Shannon J.</creator><creator>Massatti, Rob</creator><creator>Keefover‐Ring, Ken</creator><creator>Holeski, Liza M.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>John Wiley and Sons Inc</general><general>Wiley</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5782-6861</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-7585</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-102X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5854-5597</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202411</creationdate><title>The Cost of Self‐Defense: Browsing Effects in the Rare Plant Species Salix arizonica</title><author>Lencioni, Shannon J. ; 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Coevolution between plants and their animal predators has led to diverse defensive adaptations. Multiple theories of defense propose that there are resource allocation costs associated with producing chemical defenses. One leading hypothesis, optimal defense theory (ODT), suggests that natural selection will result in the allocation of resources to defenses that optimize the cost‐to‐benefit ratio between defense and other functional processes. The population decline of the rare subalpine wetland species, Arizona willow (Salix arizonica), has been attributed to various biotic and abiotic factors, with browsing from wild and domestic ungulates as a significant concern for at least three decades. In a field experiment using natural populations, we compare the relationship between phytochemical defense and height in Arizona willows with and without long‐term protection from browsing via browse exclosures. Consistent with the predictions of ODT, individuals with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentrations and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. A similar pattern was found across all individuals, whereby total PG concentration and height were negatively correlated. In a short‐term experiment in natural populations, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species. Delayed reduction in PG concentration may serve as a benefit to avoid mismatches between environmental cues and responses. Our research sheds light on the intricate dynamics between plant‐defense strategies, environmental pressures, and evolutionary adaptations in shaping plant–browser interactions.
Willows with physical protection from ungulate browsing for multiple years had significantly lower phenolic glycoside (PG) concentration and increased plant height compared to unprotected individuals. In contrast, changes in levels of defense were not observed when plants received protection for only one growing season. The contrasting pattern of defense plasticity in response to long‐term versus short‐term physical protection suggests a differential plastic response in this long‐lived species.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>39583043</pmid><doi>10.1002/ece3.70582</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5782-6861</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-7585</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-102X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5854-5597</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Abiotic factors Adaptation Browsing Chemical defense Chemical Ecology Coevolution Conservation Ecology Cost allocation Ecological adaptation Endangered & extinct species Evolutionary Ecology Glycosides Growing season Herbivores Hybridization Leaves Metabolites Morphology Natural populations Natural selection optimal defense theory Optimization Phenolic compounds phenolic glycosides Phenols Phytochemicals Plant growth Plant layout Plant species Population decline Populations Predators Rare species Resource allocation Salix arizonica trade‐offs Trophic Interactions Ungulates Willow |
| title | The Cost of Self‐Defense: Browsing Effects in the Rare Plant Species Salix arizonica |
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