Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in ruminants from Somalia
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, including humans, in the case of T. gondii , and cause economic losses in livestock due to abortion and neonatal mortality. In Somalia, zoonotic diseases are concerning due to cultural practices and livestock’s...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Parasitology research (1987) 2024-11, Vol.123 (11), p.376-376, Article 376 |
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| creator | Kakimori, Monica T. A. Osman, Aamir M. Silva, Ana C. S. Ibrahim, Abdalla M. Shair, Mohamed A. Cavallieri, Ana C. Barros, Luiz D. Garcia, João L. Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J. Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A. Vieira, Rafael F. C. |
| description | Toxoplasma gondii
and
Neospora caninum
infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, including humans, in the case of
T. gondii
, and cause economic losses in livestock due to abortion and neonatal mortality. In Somalia, zoonotic diseases are concerning due to cultural practices and livestock’s economic importance, but surveillance is limited. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
in Somali sheep, goats, and cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2018 and January 2020 in Benadir and Lower Shabelle regions of Somalia. Blood samples were collected from 128 cattle, 184 goats, and 46 sheep. Serum samples were tested for anti-
T. gondii
and anti-
N. caninum
antibodies using IFAT, and PCR was performed on extracted DNA to detect
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
DNA. Overall, 106/358 (29.6%) animals tested positive for anti-
T. gondii
antibodies, with the highest prevalence in sheep (62.5%), followed by goats (30.4%) and cattle (15.6%) (
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00436-024-08397-6 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11554906</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3154177219</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c389t-ae6c55ccae07508f2c7cdd337576862ef1c9e406c9f305119e11f0661e20428a3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkT1vFDEQhi0EIkfgD1AgSzQ0CzP-XFcIRSQgRVAk1Jbxeg9HXvuwdyP49-zlQvgoEJUtzePXM_MQ8hThJQLoVw1AcNUBEx303OhO3SMbFJx1aKS8TzZg1jsg8iPyqLUrANRKiIfkiBvJNCqxIduLUEsq2-hdoi4PdCop-CW5SocwBz_HkmkZ6WX5VnbJtcnRbclDjDfwh1DarlRHvcsxLxONmdZlitnludGxlolelMml6B6TB6NLLTy5PY_Jp9O3lyfvuvOPZ-9P3px3nvdm7lxQXkrvXQAtoR-Z134YONdSq16xMKI3QYDyZuQgEU1AHEEpDAwE6x0_Jq8Pubvl8xQGH_JcXbK7GidXv9viov2zkuMXuy3XFlFKYUCtCS9uE2r5uoQ22yk2H1JyOZSlWY5SoNYMzX-grNfC9P0eff4XelWWmtdV7CkN6_RMrxQ7UL6W1moY7xpHsHvn9uDcrs7tjXO7b_jZ7yPfPfkpeQX4AWhrKW9D_fX3P2J_ACQ0uB4</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3127038927</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in ruminants from Somalia</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Kakimori, Monica T. A. ; Osman, Aamir M. ; Silva, Ana C. S. ; Ibrahim, Abdalla M. ; Shair, Mohamed A. ; Cavallieri, Ana C. ; Barros, Luiz D. ; Garcia, João L. ; Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J. ; Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A. ; Vieira, Rafael F. C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Kakimori, Monica T. A. ; Osman, Aamir M. ; Silva, Ana C. S. ; Ibrahim, Abdalla M. ; Shair, Mohamed A. ; Cavallieri, Ana C. ; Barros, Luiz D. ; Garcia, João L. ; Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J. ; Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A. ; Vieira, Rafael F. C.</creatorcontrib><description>Toxoplasma gondii
and
Neospora caninum
infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, including humans, in the case of
T. gondii
, and cause economic losses in livestock due to abortion and neonatal mortality. In Somalia, zoonotic diseases are concerning due to cultural practices and livestock’s economic importance, but surveillance is limited. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
in Somali sheep, goats, and cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2018 and January 2020 in Benadir and Lower Shabelle regions of Somalia. Blood samples were collected from 128 cattle, 184 goats, and 46 sheep. Serum samples were tested for anti-
T. gondii
and anti-
N. caninum
antibodies using IFAT, and PCR was performed on extracted DNA to detect
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
DNA. Overall, 106/358 (29.6%) animals tested positive for anti-
T. gondii
antibodies, with the highest prevalence in sheep (62.5%), followed by goats (30.4%) and cattle (15.6%) (
P
< 0.001). For anti-
N. caninum
antibodies, 13/358 (3.6%) animals tested positive, with cattle showing the highest prevalence (6.2%), followed by goats and sheep (both 2.2%). Co-seropositivity for both antibodies was found in cattle and sheep. Molecular detection of
T. gondii
DNA revealed a prevalence of 9/358 (2.5%), primarily in sheep (15.2%) and cattle at 1.6% while all goat samples tested negative. No samples were positive for the
N. caninum
Nc5 gene. This study reveals
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
prevalence in Somali ruminants, highlighting the need for better surveillance and control.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0932-0113</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1432-1955</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1955</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08397-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39527164</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Protozoan - blood ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; blood serum ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases - epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases - parasitology ; Coccidiosis - epidemiology ; Coccidiosis - parasitology ; Coccidiosis - veterinary ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; DNA ; DNA, Protozoan - genetics ; Economic importance ; genes ; Goat Diseases - epidemiology ; Goat Diseases - parasitology ; Goats ; Goats - parasitology ; Immunology ; Livestock ; Medical Microbiology ; Microbiology ; monitoring ; neonatal mortality ; Neonates ; Neospora - genetics ; Neospora - immunology ; Neospora caninum ; Prevalence ; Protozoa ; Ruminants - parasitology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serology ; seroprevalence ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases - epidemiology ; Sheep Diseases - parasitology ; Somali (sheep breed) ; Somalia ; Somalia - epidemiology ; Surveillance ; Toxoplasma - genetics ; Toxoplasma - immunology ; Toxoplasma gondii ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>Parasitology research (1987), 2024-11, Vol.123 (11), p.376-376, Article 376</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2024</rights><rights>2024. The Author(s).</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. 2024</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2024 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c389t-ae6c55ccae07508f2c7cdd337576862ef1c9e406c9f305119e11f0661e20428a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00436-024-08397-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00436-024-08397-6$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39527164$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kakimori, Monica T. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osman, Aamir M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silva, Ana C. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ibrahim, Abdalla M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shair, Mohamed A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cavallieri, Ana C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barros, Luiz D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garcia, João L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vieira, Rafael F. C.</creatorcontrib><title>Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in ruminants from Somalia</title><title>Parasitology research (1987)</title><addtitle>Parasitol Res</addtitle><addtitle>Parasitol Res</addtitle><description>Toxoplasma gondii
and
Neospora caninum
infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, including humans, in the case of
T. gondii
, and cause economic losses in livestock due to abortion and neonatal mortality. In Somalia, zoonotic diseases are concerning due to cultural practices and livestock’s economic importance, but surveillance is limited. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
in Somali sheep, goats, and cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2018 and January 2020 in Benadir and Lower Shabelle regions of Somalia. Blood samples were collected from 128 cattle, 184 goats, and 46 sheep. Serum samples were tested for anti-
T. gondii
and anti-
N. caninum
antibodies using IFAT, and PCR was performed on extracted DNA to detect
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
DNA. Overall, 106/358 (29.6%) animals tested positive for anti-
T. gondii
antibodies, with the highest prevalence in sheep (62.5%), followed by goats (30.4%) and cattle (15.6%) (
P
< 0.001). For anti-
N. caninum
antibodies, 13/358 (3.6%) animals tested positive, with cattle showing the highest prevalence (6.2%), followed by goats and sheep (both 2.2%). Co-seropositivity for both antibodies was found in cattle and sheep. Molecular detection of
T. gondii
DNA revealed a prevalence of 9/358 (2.5%), primarily in sheep (15.2%) and cattle at 1.6% while all goat samples tested negative. No samples were positive for the
N. caninum
Nc5 gene. This study reveals
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
prevalence in Somali ruminants, highlighting the need for better surveillance and control.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antibodies, Protozoan - blood</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>blood serum</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>Cattle Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cattle Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Coccidiosis - epidemiology</subject><subject>Coccidiosis - parasitology</subject><subject>Coccidiosis - veterinary</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>DNA, Protozoan - genetics</subject><subject>Economic importance</subject><subject>genes</subject><subject>Goat Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Goat Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Goats</subject><subject>Goats - parasitology</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Livestock</subject><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>monitoring</subject><subject>neonatal mortality</subject><subject>Neonates</subject><subject>Neospora - genetics</subject><subject>Neospora - immunology</subject><subject>Neospora caninum</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>Ruminants - parasitology</subject><subject>Seroepidemiologic Studies</subject><subject>Serology</subject><subject>seroprevalence</subject><subject>Sheep</subject><subject>Sheep Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Sheep Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Somali (sheep breed)</subject><subject>Somalia</subject><subject>Somalia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - genetics</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - immunology</subject><subject>Toxoplasma gondii</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology</subject><subject>Zoonoses</subject><issn>0932-0113</issn><issn>1432-1955</issn><issn>1432-1955</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkT1vFDEQhi0EIkfgD1AgSzQ0CzP-XFcIRSQgRVAk1Jbxeg9HXvuwdyP49-zlQvgoEJUtzePXM_MQ8hThJQLoVw1AcNUBEx303OhO3SMbFJx1aKS8TzZg1jsg8iPyqLUrANRKiIfkiBvJNCqxIduLUEsq2-hdoi4PdCop-CW5SocwBz_HkmkZ6WX5VnbJtcnRbclDjDfwh1DarlRHvcsxLxONmdZlitnludGxlolelMml6B6TB6NLLTy5PY_Jp9O3lyfvuvOPZ-9P3px3nvdm7lxQXkrvXQAtoR-Z134YONdSq16xMKI3QYDyZuQgEU1AHEEpDAwE6x0_Jq8Pubvl8xQGH_JcXbK7GidXv9viov2zkuMXuy3XFlFKYUCtCS9uE2r5uoQ22yk2H1JyOZSlWY5SoNYMzX-grNfC9P0eff4XelWWmtdV7CkN6_RMrxQ7UL6W1moY7xpHsHvn9uDcrs7tjXO7b_jZ7yPfPfkpeQX4AWhrKW9D_fX3P2J_ACQ0uB4</recordid><startdate>20241101</startdate><enddate>20241101</enddate><creator>Kakimori, Monica T. A.</creator><creator>Osman, Aamir M.</creator><creator>Silva, Ana C. S.</creator><creator>Ibrahim, Abdalla M.</creator><creator>Shair, Mohamed A.</creator><creator>Cavallieri, Ana C.</creator><creator>Barros, Luiz D.</creator><creator>Garcia, João L.</creator><creator>Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J.</creator><creator>Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A.</creator><creator>Vieira, Rafael F. C.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20241101</creationdate><title>Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in ruminants from Somalia</title><author>Kakimori, Monica T. A. ; Osman, Aamir M. ; Silva, Ana C. S. ; Ibrahim, Abdalla M. ; Shair, Mohamed A. ; Cavallieri, Ana C. ; Barros, Luiz D. ; Garcia, João L. ; Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J. ; Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A. ; Vieira, Rafael F. C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c389t-ae6c55ccae07508f2c7cdd337576862ef1c9e406c9f305119e11f0661e20428a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Antibodies, Protozoan - blood</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>blood serum</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>Cattle Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cattle Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Coccidiosis - epidemiology</topic><topic>Coccidiosis - parasitology</topic><topic>Coccidiosis - veterinary</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>DNA, Protozoan - genetics</topic><topic>Economic importance</topic><topic>genes</topic><topic>Goat Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Goat Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Goats</topic><topic>Goats - parasitology</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Livestock</topic><topic>Medical Microbiology</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>monitoring</topic><topic>neonatal mortality</topic><topic>Neonates</topic><topic>Neospora - genetics</topic><topic>Neospora - immunology</topic><topic>Neospora caninum</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Protozoa</topic><topic>Ruminants - parasitology</topic><topic>Seroepidemiologic Studies</topic><topic>Serology</topic><topic>seroprevalence</topic><topic>Sheep</topic><topic>Sheep Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Sheep Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Somali (sheep breed)</topic><topic>Somalia</topic><topic>Somalia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Surveillance</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - genetics</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - immunology</topic><topic>Toxoplasma gondii</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology</topic><topic>Zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kakimori, Monica T. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osman, Aamir M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silva, Ana C. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ibrahim, Abdalla M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shair, Mohamed A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cavallieri, Ana C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barros, Luiz D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garcia, João L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vieira, Rafael F. C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Parasitology research (1987)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kakimori, Monica T. A.</au><au>Osman, Aamir M.</au><au>Silva, Ana C. S.</au><au>Ibrahim, Abdalla M.</au><au>Shair, Mohamed A.</au><au>Cavallieri, Ana C.</au><au>Barros, Luiz D.</au><au>Garcia, João L.</au><au>Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J.</au><au>Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A.</au><au>Vieira, Rafael F. C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in ruminants from Somalia</atitle><jtitle>Parasitology research (1987)</jtitle><stitle>Parasitol Res</stitle><addtitle>Parasitol Res</addtitle><date>2024-11-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>123</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>376</spage><epage>376</epage><pages>376-376</pages><artnum>376</artnum><issn>0932-0113</issn><issn>1432-1955</issn><eissn>1432-1955</eissn><abstract>Toxoplasma gondii
and
Neospora caninum
infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, including humans, in the case of
T. gondii
, and cause economic losses in livestock due to abortion and neonatal mortality. In Somalia, zoonotic diseases are concerning due to cultural practices and livestock’s economic importance, but surveillance is limited. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
in Somali sheep, goats, and cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2018 and January 2020 in Benadir and Lower Shabelle regions of Somalia. Blood samples were collected from 128 cattle, 184 goats, and 46 sheep. Serum samples were tested for anti-
T. gondii
and anti-
N. caninum
antibodies using IFAT, and PCR was performed on extracted DNA to detect
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
DNA. Overall, 106/358 (29.6%) animals tested positive for anti-
T. gondii
antibodies, with the highest prevalence in sheep (62.5%), followed by goats (30.4%) and cattle (15.6%) (
P
< 0.001). For anti-
N. caninum
antibodies, 13/358 (3.6%) animals tested positive, with cattle showing the highest prevalence (6.2%), followed by goats and sheep (both 2.2%). Co-seropositivity for both antibodies was found in cattle and sheep. Molecular detection of
T. gondii
DNA revealed a prevalence of 9/358 (2.5%), primarily in sheep (15.2%) and cattle at 1.6% while all goat samples tested negative. No samples were positive for the
N. caninum
Nc5 gene. This study reveals
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
prevalence in Somali ruminants, highlighting the need for better surveillance and control.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>39527164</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00436-024-08397-6</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0932-0113 |
| ispartof | Parasitology research (1987), 2024-11, Vol.123 (11), p.376-376, Article 376 |
| issn | 0932-0113 1432-1955 1432-1955 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11554906 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Animals Antibodies Antibodies, Protozoan - blood Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine blood serum Cattle Cattle Diseases - epidemiology Cattle Diseases - parasitology Coccidiosis - epidemiology Coccidiosis - parasitology Coccidiosis - veterinary Cross-Sectional Studies Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA, Protozoan - genetics Economic importance genes Goat Diseases - epidemiology Goat Diseases - parasitology Goats Goats - parasitology Immunology Livestock Medical Microbiology Microbiology monitoring neonatal mortality Neonates Neospora - genetics Neospora - immunology Neospora caninum Prevalence Protozoa Ruminants - parasitology Seroepidemiologic Studies Serology seroprevalence Sheep Sheep Diseases - epidemiology Sheep Diseases - parasitology Somali (sheep breed) Somalia Somalia - epidemiology Surveillance Toxoplasma - genetics Toxoplasma - immunology Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology Zoonoses |
| title | Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in ruminants from Somalia |
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