Stomagenesis versus myogenesis: Parallels in intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of transcription factor mediated specialized cell‐type differentiation in plants and animals

Although the last common unicellular ancestor of plants and animals diverged several billion years ago, and while having developed unique developmental programs that facilitate differentiation and proliferation specific to plant and animal systems, there still exists a high degree of conservation in the logic regulating these developmental processes within these two seemingly diverse kingdoms. Stomatal differentiation in plants involves a series of orchestrated cell division events mediated by a family of closely related bHLH transcription factors (TFs) to create a pair of mature guard cells. These TFs are in turn regulated by a number of upstream signaling components that ultimately function to achieve lineage specific differentiation and organized tissue patterning on the plant epidermis. The logic involved in the specification of the myogenic differentiation program in animals is intriguingly similar to stomatal differentiation in plants: Closely‐related myogenic bHLHs, known as MRFs (Myogenic Regulatory Factors) provide lineage specificity essential for cell‐fate determination. These MRFs, similar to the bHLHs in plants, are regulated by several upstream signaling cascades that succinctly regulate each differentiation step, leading to the production of mature muscle fibers. This review aims at providing a perspective on the emerging parallels in the logic employed by key bHLH transcription factors and their upstream signaling components that function to precisely regulate key cell‐state transition events in the stomatal as well as myogenic cell lineages. Lineage specific differentiation and organized tissue patterning is central to maintain overall growth and development in all eukaryotes. Plants and animals, despite belonging to vastly divergent kingdoms, use a highly conserved logic to specify organized patterning events in various cell and tissue types. The stomatal differentiation program in plants as well as myogenic differentiation program in animals utilizes a family of closely related bHLH transcription factors and other upstream signaling and cell‐cycle components to specify guard cell and mature muscle cell fate.