Injuries Due to Law Enforcement Use of Force in the United States, 2006-2015: Trends in Severity and by Race
Purpose The purpose of the study was to assess incidence and severity of hospital reported injuries related to law enforcement Use of Force (UoF) in the US over time, and by race. Methods Data from the National Emergency Department Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and the Nati...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2024-10, Vol.11 (5), p.2699-2710 |
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| creator | Strömmer, E. M. F. Leith, Wendy Zeegers, Maurice P. Freeman, Michael D. |
| description | Purpose
The purpose of the study was to assess incidence and severity of hospital reported injuries related to law enforcement Use of Force (UoF) in the US over time, and by race.
Methods
Data from the National Emergency Department Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS-AIP) from US Consumer Product Safety Commission were queried to identify UoF injuries. Regression analysis, t-tests, and chi-square tests were used in the analysis.
Results
Between 2006-15, there were 529,259 emergency department admissions for UoF injury in the NEDS, and 870,779 admissions in the NEISS-AIP. In a model adjusting for year, sex, and age, the Injury Severity Score increased by 1.1% annually (
p<
0.0001). Black people were 6 times as likely to be admitted to the ED as White people or Native Americans/Alaska Natives, and 25 times as likely as Asians/Pacific Islanders. Black patients were 4 times as likely as White patients to be admitted as inpatients. Per arrest rate by race using FBI uniform crime reporting data, Black arrestees were 2.5-3.1 times as likely as any other race to be hospitalized for UoF injury.
Conclusion
The results of the study demonstrate that US law enforcement are injuring civilians more frequently and severely over time, and that Black people are disproportionately affected. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40615-023-01733-z |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11480147</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2847747705</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c426t-589cb7c7cdc73ce6f255ffad7fa4a1ac7d2d703573c6395355a472e8c890f6c23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kV9LHDEUxUOpVLF-gT6UQF_60Nj8mSQzfSli1QoLQnWfQzZzo7PMJjbJWNZP36xrbe2DEEjI_d1z7-Eg9I7RQ0ap_pwbqpgklAtCmRaC3L9Ce5x1irSt0K8f3poI3fFddJDzklLKuJSdUG_QrtBS8oaLPTSeh-WUBsj42wS4RDyzv_BJ8DE5WEEoeJ4BR49PNx94CLjcAJ6HoUCPL4stkD9hTqkinDL5BV8lCH3ecJdwB2koa2xDjxdr_MM6eIt2vB0zHDze-2h-enJ1_J3MLs7Oj49mxDVcFSLbzi200653WjhQvu7tve21t41l1ume95oKWYtKdFJIaRvNoXVtR71yXOyjr1vd22mxgt5VH8mO5jYNK5vWJtrBPK-E4cZcxzvDWNNS1uiq8PFRIcWfE-RiVkN2MI42QJyy4W2jdT1UVvTDf-gyTilUf0YwprRstVCV4lvKpZhzAv-0DaNmE6jZBmpqoOYhUHNfm97_6-Op5U98FRBbINdSuIb0d_YLsr8BSL-qEA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3116758736</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Injuries Due to Law Enforcement Use of Force in the United States, 2006-2015: Trends in Severity and by Race</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><creator>Strömmer, E. M. F. ; Leith, Wendy ; Zeegers, Maurice P. ; Freeman, Michael D.</creator><creatorcontrib>Strömmer, E. M. F. ; Leith, Wendy ; Zeegers, Maurice P. ; Freeman, Michael D.</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
The purpose of the study was to assess incidence and severity of hospital reported injuries related to law enforcement Use of Force (UoF) in the US over time, and by race.
Methods
Data from the National Emergency Department Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS-AIP) from US Consumer Product Safety Commission were queried to identify UoF injuries. Regression analysis, t-tests, and chi-square tests were used in the analysis.
Results
Between 2006-15, there were 529,259 emergency department admissions for UoF injury in the NEDS, and 870,779 admissions in the NEISS-AIP. In a model adjusting for year, sex, and age, the Injury Severity Score increased by 1.1% annually (
p<
0.0001). Black people were 6 times as likely to be admitted to the ED as White people or Native Americans/Alaska Natives, and 25 times as likely as Asians/Pacific Islanders. Black patients were 4 times as likely as White patients to be admitted as inpatients. Per arrest rate by race using FBI uniform crime reporting data, Black arrestees were 2.5-3.1 times as likely as any other race to be hospitalized for UoF injury.
Conclusion
The results of the study demonstrate that US law enforcement are injuring civilians more frequently and severely over time, and that Black people are disproportionately affected.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2197-3792</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 2196-8837</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2196-8837</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01733-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37552423</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; American Indians ; Asian - statistics & numerical data ; Black or African American - statistics & numerical data ; Black people ; Codes ; Cost analysis ; Crime ; Disease control ; Emergency medical care ; Emergency medical services ; Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data ; Emergency services ; Epidemiology ; Fatalities ; Female ; Firearms ; Health care expenditures ; Hospitalization ; Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Incidence ; Indigenous peoples ; Injuries ; Injury analysis ; Injury Severity Score ; Inpatient care ; Law Enforcement ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Native Americans ; Participation ; Patient admissions ; Patients ; Product safety ; Quality of Life Research ; Race ; Racial Groups - statistics & numerical data ; Regression analysis ; Severity ; Social Inequality ; Social Structure ; Surveillance ; Surveillance systems ; United States - epidemiology ; Variables ; Vital statistics ; White people ; White People - statistics & numerical data ; Wounds and Injuries - epidemiology ; Wounds and Injuries - ethnology ; Young Adult]]></subject><ispartof>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024-10, Vol.11 (5), p.2699-2710</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s).</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c426t-589cb7c7cdc73ce6f255ffad7fa4a1ac7d2d703573c6395355a472e8c890f6c23</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1404-355X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40615-023-01733-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40615-023-01733-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,30999,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37552423$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Strömmer, E. M. F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leith, Wendy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zeegers, Maurice P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freeman, Michael D.</creatorcontrib><title>Injuries Due to Law Enforcement Use of Force in the United States, 2006-2015: Trends in Severity and by Race</title><title>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</title><addtitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</addtitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><description>Purpose
The purpose of the study was to assess incidence and severity of hospital reported injuries related to law enforcement Use of Force (UoF) in the US over time, and by race.
Methods
Data from the National Emergency Department Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS-AIP) from US Consumer Product Safety Commission were queried to identify UoF injuries. Regression analysis, t-tests, and chi-square tests were used in the analysis.
Results
Between 2006-15, there were 529,259 emergency department admissions for UoF injury in the NEDS, and 870,779 admissions in the NEISS-AIP. In a model adjusting for year, sex, and age, the Injury Severity Score increased by 1.1% annually (
p<
0.0001). Black people were 6 times as likely to be admitted to the ED as White people or Native Americans/Alaska Natives, and 25 times as likely as Asians/Pacific Islanders. Black patients were 4 times as likely as White patients to be admitted as inpatients. Per arrest rate by race using FBI uniform crime reporting data, Black arrestees were 2.5-3.1 times as likely as any other race to be hospitalized for UoF injury.
Conclusion
The results of the study demonstrate that US law enforcement are injuring civilians more frequently and severely over time, and that Black people are disproportionately affected.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>American Indians</subject><subject>Asian - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Black or African American - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Black people</subject><subject>Codes</subject><subject>Cost analysis</subject><subject>Crime</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Emergency medical care</subject><subject>Emergency medical services</subject><subject>Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Emergency services</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Fatalities</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Firearms</subject><subject>Health care expenditures</subject><subject>Hospitalization</subject><subject>Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Indigenous peoples</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Injury analysis</subject><subject>Injury Severity Score</subject><subject>Inpatient care</subject><subject>Law Enforcement</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Native Americans</subject><subject>Participation</subject><subject>Patient admissions</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Product safety</subject><subject>Quality of Life Research</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Racial Groups - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Severity</subject><subject>Social Inequality</subject><subject>Social Structure</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>Surveillance systems</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Variables</subject><subject>Vital statistics</subject><subject>White people</subject><subject>White People - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Wounds and Injuries - epidemiology</subject><subject>Wounds and Injuries - ethnology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>2197-3792</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kV9LHDEUxUOpVLF-gT6UQF_60Nj8mSQzfSli1QoLQnWfQzZzo7PMJjbJWNZP36xrbe2DEEjI_d1z7-Eg9I7RQ0ap_pwbqpgklAtCmRaC3L9Ce5x1irSt0K8f3poI3fFddJDzklLKuJSdUG_QrtBS8oaLPTSeh-WUBsj42wS4RDyzv_BJ8DE5WEEoeJ4BR49PNx94CLjcAJ6HoUCPL4stkD9hTqkinDL5BV8lCH3ecJdwB2koa2xDjxdr_MM6eIt2vB0zHDze-2h-enJ1_J3MLs7Oj49mxDVcFSLbzi200653WjhQvu7tve21t41l1ume95oKWYtKdFJIaRvNoXVtR71yXOyjr1vd22mxgt5VH8mO5jYNK5vWJtrBPK-E4cZcxzvDWNNS1uiq8PFRIcWfE-RiVkN2MI42QJyy4W2jdT1UVvTDf-gyTilUf0YwprRstVCV4lvKpZhzAv-0DaNmE6jZBmpqoOYhUHNfm97_6-Op5U98FRBbINdSuIb0d_YLsr8BSL-qEA</recordid><startdate>202410</startdate><enddate>202410</enddate><creator>Strömmer, E. M. F.</creator><creator>Leith, Wendy</creator><creator>Zeegers, Maurice P.</creator><creator>Freeman, Michael D.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1404-355X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202410</creationdate><title>Injuries Due to Law Enforcement Use of Force in the United States, 2006-2015: Trends in Severity and by Race</title><author>Strömmer, E. M. F. ; Leith, Wendy ; Zeegers, Maurice P. ; Freeman, Michael D.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c426t-589cb7c7cdc73ce6f255ffad7fa4a1ac7d2d703573c6395355a472e8c890f6c23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>American Indians</topic><topic>Asian - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Black or African American - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Black people</topic><topic>Codes</topic><topic>Cost analysis</topic><topic>Crime</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Emergency medical care</topic><topic>Emergency medical services</topic><topic>Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Emergency services</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Fatalities</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Firearms</topic><topic>Health care expenditures</topic><topic>Hospitalization</topic><topic>Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Hospitals</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Indigenous peoples</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Injury analysis</topic><topic>Injury Severity Score</topic><topic>Inpatient care</topic><topic>Law Enforcement</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Native Americans</topic><topic>Participation</topic><topic>Patient admissions</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Product safety</topic><topic>Quality of Life Research</topic><topic>Race</topic><topic>Racial Groups - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Severity</topic><topic>Social Inequality</topic><topic>Social Structure</topic><topic>Surveillance</topic><topic>Surveillance systems</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><topic>Variables</topic><topic>Vital statistics</topic><topic>White people</topic><topic>White People - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Wounds and Injuries - epidemiology</topic><topic>Wounds and Injuries - ethnology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Strömmer, E. M. F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leith, Wendy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zeegers, Maurice P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freeman, Michael D.</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Strömmer, E. M. F.</au><au>Leith, Wendy</au><au>Zeegers, Maurice P.</au><au>Freeman, Michael D.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Injuries Due to Law Enforcement Use of Force in the United States, 2006-2015: Trends in Severity and by Race</atitle><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle><stitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</stitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><date>2024-10</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>2699</spage><epage>2710</epage><pages>2699-2710</pages><issn>2197-3792</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><eissn>2196-8837</eissn><abstract>Purpose
The purpose of the study was to assess incidence and severity of hospital reported injuries related to law enforcement Use of Force (UoF) in the US over time, and by race.
Methods
Data from the National Emergency Department Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS-AIP) from US Consumer Product Safety Commission were queried to identify UoF injuries. Regression analysis, t-tests, and chi-square tests were used in the analysis.
Results
Between 2006-15, there were 529,259 emergency department admissions for UoF injury in the NEDS, and 870,779 admissions in the NEISS-AIP. In a model adjusting for year, sex, and age, the Injury Severity Score increased by 1.1% annually (
p<
0.0001). Black people were 6 times as likely to be admitted to the ED as White people or Native Americans/Alaska Natives, and 25 times as likely as Asians/Pacific Islanders. Black patients were 4 times as likely as White patients to be admitted as inpatients. Per arrest rate by race using FBI uniform crime reporting data, Black arrestees were 2.5-3.1 times as likely as any other race to be hospitalized for UoF injury.
Conclusion
The results of the study demonstrate that US law enforcement are injuring civilians more frequently and severely over time, and that Black people are disproportionately affected.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>37552423</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40615-023-01733-z</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1404-355X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 2197-3792 |
| ispartof | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024-10, Vol.11 (5), p.2699-2710 |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerNature Journals; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged American Indians Asian - statistics & numerical data Black or African American - statistics & numerical data Black people Codes Cost analysis Crime Disease control Emergency medical care Emergency medical services Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data Emergency services Epidemiology Fatalities Female Firearms Health care expenditures Hospitalization Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data Hospitals Humans Incidence Indigenous peoples Injuries Injury analysis Injury Severity Score Inpatient care Law Enforcement Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Middle Aged Mortality Native Americans Participation Patient admissions Patients Product safety Quality of Life Research Race Racial Groups - statistics & numerical data Regression analysis Severity Social Inequality Social Structure Surveillance Surveillance systems United States - epidemiology Variables Vital statistics White people White People - statistics & numerical data Wounds and Injuries - epidemiology Wounds and Injuries - ethnology Young Adult |
| title | Injuries Due to Law Enforcement Use of Force in the United States, 2006-2015: Trends in Severity and by Race |
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