Recycling of Sewage Sludge: Synthesis and Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon in the Efficient Removal of Cadmium (II) and Lead (II) from Wastewater
The limited supply of drinking water has aroused people's curiosity in recent decades. Adsorption is a popular method for removing hazardous substances from wastewater, especially heavy metals, as it is cheap, highly efficient, and easy to use. In this work, a new sludge-based activated carbon...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2024-09, Vol.25 (18), p.9866 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 18 |
| container_start_page | 9866 |
| container_title | International journal of molecular sciences |
| container_volume | 25 |
| creator | Aljubiri, Salha M Younes, Ayman A O Alosaimi, Eid H Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M Abdel-Salam, Enas T El-Shwiniy, Walaa H |
| description | The limited supply of drinking water has aroused people's curiosity in recent decades. Adsorption is a popular method for removing hazardous substances from wastewater, especially heavy metals, as it is cheap, highly efficient, and easy to use. In this work, a new sludge-based activated carbon adsorbent (thickened samples SBAC1 and un-thickened samples SBAC2) was developed to remove hazardous metals such as cadmium (Cd
) and lead (Pb
) from an aqueous solution. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 were investigated using a range of analytical tools such as CHNS, BET, FT-IR, XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM, N
adsorption/desorption isothermal, and zeta potential. BET surface areas were examined and SBAC2 was found to have a larger BET surface area (498.386 m
/g) than SBAC1 (336.339 m
/g). While the average pore size was 10-100 nm for SBAC1 and 45-50 nm for SBAC2. SBAC1 and SBAC2 eliminated approximately 99.99% of Cd
and Pb
out the water under all conditions tested. The results of the adsorption of Cd
and Pb
were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order equation (R
= 1.00). Under the experimental conditions, the Cd
and Pb
adsorption equilibrium data were effectively linked to the Langmuir and Freundlich equations for SBAC1 and SBAC2, respectively. The regeneration showed a high recyclability for the fabricated SBAC1 and SBAC2 during five consecutive reuse cycles. As a result, the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 are attractive adsorbents for the elimination of heavy metals from various environmental and industrial wastewater samples. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijms25189866 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11432342</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3110531686</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c300t-f9942fbf5efbd5b4d9a9d7b575d73a6e44e380e4e45ceedb8bf1594310ce811b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkV-LEzEUxQdR3HX1zWcJ-LKCo8kkmZn4ImtZtVAQtoqPQ_7cdFNmJt0kU-mH8buatutShUDu5f7u4VxOUbwk-B2lAr936yFWnLSiretHxTlhVVViXDePT-qz4lmMa4wrWnHxtDijgtKGcnZe_L4BvdO9G1fIW7SEX3IFaNlPZgUf0HI3pluILiI5GnS12fROy-T8eGAPUPlJRsgzndxWplzNZFAZcCPKq-jaWqcdjAndwOC3st9vzqQZ3DSgy_n8zUF5AdIcOxv8gH7KmLKRBOF58cTKPsKL-_-i-PH5-vvsa7n49mU-u1qUmmKcSisEq6yyHKwyXDEjpDCN4g03DZU1MAa0xcCAcQ1gVKss4YJRgjW0hCh6UXw86m4mNYDR2XCQfbcJbpBh13npun8no7vtVn7bEcJoRVmVFS7vFYK_myCmbnBRQ9_LEfwUO0oIFvtXZ_T1f-jaT2HM9x0oTknd7qm3R0oHH2MA--CG4G4ffHcafMZfnV7wAP9Nmv4B4siqtA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3110531686</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Recycling of Sewage Sludge: Synthesis and Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon in the Efficient Removal of Cadmium (II) and Lead (II) from Wastewater</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Aljubiri, Salha M ; Younes, Ayman A O ; Alosaimi, Eid H ; Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M ; Abdel-Salam, Enas T ; El-Shwiniy, Walaa H</creator><creatorcontrib>Aljubiri, Salha M ; Younes, Ayman A O ; Alosaimi, Eid H ; Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M ; Abdel-Salam, Enas T ; El-Shwiniy, Walaa H</creatorcontrib><description>The limited supply of drinking water has aroused people's curiosity in recent decades. Adsorption is a popular method for removing hazardous substances from wastewater, especially heavy metals, as it is cheap, highly efficient, and easy to use. In this work, a new sludge-based activated carbon adsorbent (thickened samples SBAC1 and un-thickened samples SBAC2) was developed to remove hazardous metals such as cadmium (Cd
) and lead (Pb
) from an aqueous solution. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 were investigated using a range of analytical tools such as CHNS, BET, FT-IR, XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM, N
adsorption/desorption isothermal, and zeta potential. BET surface areas were examined and SBAC2 was found to have a larger BET surface area (498.386 m
/g) than SBAC1 (336.339 m
/g). While the average pore size was 10-100 nm for SBAC1 and 45-50 nm for SBAC2. SBAC1 and SBAC2 eliminated approximately 99.99% of Cd
and Pb
out the water under all conditions tested. The results of the adsorption of Cd
and Pb
were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order equation (R
= 1.00). Under the experimental conditions, the Cd
and Pb
adsorption equilibrium data were effectively linked to the Langmuir and Freundlich equations for SBAC1 and SBAC2, respectively. The regeneration showed a high recyclability for the fabricated SBAC1 and SBAC2 during five consecutive reuse cycles. As a result, the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 are attractive adsorbents for the elimination of heavy metals from various environmental and industrial wastewater samples.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-6596</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189866</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39337354</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Activated carbon ; Adsorbents ; Adsorption ; Cadmium ; Cadmium - chemistry ; Cadmium - isolation & purification ; Charcoal - chemistry ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Lead - chemistry ; Lead - isolation & purification ; Manufacturing ; Phenols ; Pollutants ; Polymerization ; Ratios ; Recycling - methods ; Sewage - chemistry ; Sludge ; Wastewater - chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - isolation & purification ; Water Purification - methods</subject><ispartof>International journal of molecular sciences, 2024-09, Vol.25 (18), p.9866</ispartof><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c300t-f9942fbf5efbd5b4d9a9d7b575d73a6e44e380e4e45ceedb8bf1594310ce811b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7577-8090 ; 0000-0002-1023-1422 ; 0000-0002-1266-6980 ; 0000-0001-7774-9632</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11432342/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11432342/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39337354$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Aljubiri, Salha M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Younes, Ayman A O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alosaimi, Eid H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdel-Salam, Enas T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Shwiniy, Walaa H</creatorcontrib><title>Recycling of Sewage Sludge: Synthesis and Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon in the Efficient Removal of Cadmium (II) and Lead (II) from Wastewater</title><title>International journal of molecular sciences</title><addtitle>Int J Mol Sci</addtitle><description>The limited supply of drinking water has aroused people's curiosity in recent decades. Adsorption is a popular method for removing hazardous substances from wastewater, especially heavy metals, as it is cheap, highly efficient, and easy to use. In this work, a new sludge-based activated carbon adsorbent (thickened samples SBAC1 and un-thickened samples SBAC2) was developed to remove hazardous metals such as cadmium (Cd
) and lead (Pb
) from an aqueous solution. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 were investigated using a range of analytical tools such as CHNS, BET, FT-IR, XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM, N
adsorption/desorption isothermal, and zeta potential. BET surface areas were examined and SBAC2 was found to have a larger BET surface area (498.386 m
/g) than SBAC1 (336.339 m
/g). While the average pore size was 10-100 nm for SBAC1 and 45-50 nm for SBAC2. SBAC1 and SBAC2 eliminated approximately 99.99% of Cd
and Pb
out the water under all conditions tested. The results of the adsorption of Cd
and Pb
were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order equation (R
= 1.00). Under the experimental conditions, the Cd
and Pb
adsorption equilibrium data were effectively linked to the Langmuir and Freundlich equations for SBAC1 and SBAC2, respectively. The regeneration showed a high recyclability for the fabricated SBAC1 and SBAC2 during five consecutive reuse cycles. As a result, the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 are attractive adsorbents for the elimination of heavy metals from various environmental and industrial wastewater samples.</description><subject>Activated carbon</subject><subject>Adsorbents</subject><subject>Adsorption</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Cadmium - chemistry</subject><subject>Cadmium - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Charcoal - chemistry</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Lead - chemistry</subject><subject>Lead - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Polymerization</subject><subject>Ratios</subject><subject>Recycling - methods</subject><subject>Sewage - chemistry</subject><subject>Sludge</subject><subject>Wastewater - chemistry</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Water Purification - methods</subject><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><issn>1422-0067</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkV-LEzEUxQdR3HX1zWcJ-LKCo8kkmZn4ImtZtVAQtoqPQ_7cdFNmJt0kU-mH8buatutShUDu5f7u4VxOUbwk-B2lAr936yFWnLSiretHxTlhVVViXDePT-qz4lmMa4wrWnHxtDijgtKGcnZe_L4BvdO9G1fIW7SEX3IFaNlPZgUf0HI3pluILiI5GnS12fROy-T8eGAPUPlJRsgzndxWplzNZFAZcCPKq-jaWqcdjAndwOC3st9vzqQZ3DSgy_n8zUF5AdIcOxv8gH7KmLKRBOF58cTKPsKL-_-i-PH5-vvsa7n49mU-u1qUmmKcSisEq6yyHKwyXDEjpDCN4g03DZU1MAa0xcCAcQ1gVKss4YJRgjW0hCh6UXw86m4mNYDR2XCQfbcJbpBh13npun8no7vtVn7bEcJoRVmVFS7vFYK_myCmbnBRQ9_LEfwUO0oIFvtXZ_T1f-jaT2HM9x0oTknd7qm3R0oHH2MA--CG4G4ffHcafMZfnV7wAP9Nmv4B4siqtA</recordid><startdate>20240912</startdate><enddate>20240912</enddate><creator>Aljubiri, Salha M</creator><creator>Younes, Ayman A O</creator><creator>Alosaimi, Eid H</creator><creator>Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M</creator><creator>Abdel-Salam, Enas T</creator><creator>El-Shwiniy, Walaa H</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-8090</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-1422</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1266-6980</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-9632</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240912</creationdate><title>Recycling of Sewage Sludge: Synthesis and Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon in the Efficient Removal of Cadmium (II) and Lead (II) from Wastewater</title><author>Aljubiri, Salha M ; Younes, Ayman A O ; Alosaimi, Eid H ; Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M ; Abdel-Salam, Enas T ; El-Shwiniy, Walaa H</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c300t-f9942fbf5efbd5b4d9a9d7b575d73a6e44e380e4e45ceedb8bf1594310ce811b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Activated carbon</topic><topic>Adsorbents</topic><topic>Adsorption</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Cadmium - chemistry</topic><topic>Cadmium - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Charcoal - chemistry</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Lead - chemistry</topic><topic>Lead - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Manufacturing</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Polymerization</topic><topic>Ratios</topic><topic>Recycling - methods</topic><topic>Sewage - chemistry</topic><topic>Sludge</topic><topic>Wastewater - chemistry</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Water Purification - methods</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Aljubiri, Salha M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Younes, Ayman A O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alosaimi, Eid H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdel-Salam, Enas T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Shwiniy, Walaa H</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Aljubiri, Salha M</au><au>Younes, Ayman A O</au><au>Alosaimi, Eid H</au><au>Abdel Daiem, Mahmoud M</au><au>Abdel-Salam, Enas T</au><au>El-Shwiniy, Walaa H</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Recycling of Sewage Sludge: Synthesis and Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon in the Efficient Removal of Cadmium (II) and Lead (II) from Wastewater</atitle><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Mol Sci</addtitle><date>2024-09-12</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>18</issue><spage>9866</spage><pages>9866-</pages><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><eissn>1422-0067</eissn><abstract>The limited supply of drinking water has aroused people's curiosity in recent decades. Adsorption is a popular method for removing hazardous substances from wastewater, especially heavy metals, as it is cheap, highly efficient, and easy to use. In this work, a new sludge-based activated carbon adsorbent (thickened samples SBAC1 and un-thickened samples SBAC2) was developed to remove hazardous metals such as cadmium (Cd
) and lead (Pb
) from an aqueous solution. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 were investigated using a range of analytical tools such as CHNS, BET, FT-IR, XRD, XRF, SEM, TEM, N
adsorption/desorption isothermal, and zeta potential. BET surface areas were examined and SBAC2 was found to have a larger BET surface area (498.386 m
/g) than SBAC1 (336.339 m
/g). While the average pore size was 10-100 nm for SBAC1 and 45-50 nm for SBAC2. SBAC1 and SBAC2 eliminated approximately 99.99% of Cd
and Pb
out the water under all conditions tested. The results of the adsorption of Cd
and Pb
were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order equation (R
= 1.00). Under the experimental conditions, the Cd
and Pb
adsorption equilibrium data were effectively linked to the Langmuir and Freundlich equations for SBAC1 and SBAC2, respectively. The regeneration showed a high recyclability for the fabricated SBAC1 and SBAC2 during five consecutive reuse cycles. As a result, the produced SBAC1 and SBAC2 are attractive adsorbents for the elimination of heavy metals from various environmental and industrial wastewater samples.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>39337354</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijms25189866</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-8090</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-1422</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1266-6980</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-9632</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1422-0067 |
| ispartof | International journal of molecular sciences, 2024-09, Vol.25 (18), p.9866 |
| issn | 1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11432342 |
| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Activated carbon Adsorbents Adsorption Cadmium Cadmium - chemistry Cadmium - isolation & purification Charcoal - chemistry Heavy metals Lead Lead - chemistry Lead - isolation & purification Manufacturing Phenols Pollutants Polymerization Ratios Recycling - methods Sewage - chemistry Sludge Wastewater - chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical - isolation & purification Water Purification - methods |
| title | Recycling of Sewage Sludge: Synthesis and Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon in the Efficient Removal of Cadmium (II) and Lead (II) from Wastewater |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-03T23%3A38%3A07IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Recycling%20of%20Sewage%20Sludge:%20Synthesis%20and%20Application%20of%20Sludge-Based%20Activated%20Carbon%20in%20the%20Efficient%20Removal%20of%20Cadmium%20(II)%20and%20Lead%20(II)%20from%20Wastewater&rft.jtitle=International%20journal%20of%20molecular%20sciences&rft.au=Aljubiri,%20Salha%20M&rft.date=2024-09-12&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=18&rft.spage=9866&rft.pages=9866-&rft.issn=1422-0067&rft.eissn=1422-0067&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/ijms25189866&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E3110531686%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=3110531686&rft_id=info:pmid/39337354&rfr_iscdi=true |