The prognostic effect of tumor-associated macrophages in stage I-III colorectal cancer depends on T cell infiltration

Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with unfavorable patient prognosis in many cancer types. However, TAMs are a heterogeneous cell population and subsets have been shown to activate tumor-infiltrating T cells and confer a good patient prognosis. Data on the prognostic value of TAMs in colorectal cancer are conflicting. We investigated the prognostic effect of TAMs in relation to tumor-infiltrating T cells in colorectal cancers. Methods The TAM markers CD68 and CD163 were analyzed by multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis on tissue microarrays of 1720 primary colorectal cancers. TAM density in the tumor stroma was scored in relation to T cell density (stromal CD3 + and epithelial CD8 + cells) and analyzed in Cox proportional hazards models of 5-year relapse-free survival. Multivariable survival models included clinicopathological factors, MSI status and BRAF V600E mutation status. Results High TAM density was associated with a favorable 5-year relapse-free survival in a multivariable model of patients with stage I–III tumors ( p = 0.004, hazard ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.90–0.98). However, the prognostic effect was dependent on tumoral T-cell density. High TAM density was associated with a good prognosis in patients who also had high T-cell levels in their tumors, while high TAM density was associated with poorer prognosis in patients with low T-cell levels ( p interaction = 0.0006). This prognostic heterogeneity was found for microsatellite stable tumors separately. Conclusions This study supported a phenotypic heterogeneity of TAMs in colorectal cancer, and showed that combined tumor immunophenotyping of multiple immune cell types improved the prediction of patient prognosis.