Substantial decrease of blood lead in Swedish children, 1978-94, associated with petrol lead
OBJECTIVES--To study the potential impact of environmental exposure to petrol lead, residential area, age, sex, and lead exposing hobby, on blood lead concentrations (BPb) in children. METHODS--In the south of Sweden, yearly from 1978-94, BPb was measured in 1230 boys and 1211 girls, aged between 3...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England) England), 1995-11, Vol.52 (11), p.764-769 |
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| creator | Strömberg, U Schütz, A Skerfving, S |
| description | OBJECTIVES--To study the potential impact of environmental exposure to petrol lead, residential area, age, sex, and lead exposing hobby, on blood lead concentrations (BPb) in children. METHODS--In the south of Sweden, yearly from 1978-94, BPb was measured in 1230 boys and 1211 girls, aged between 3 and 19 (median 10; quartiles 9 and 12) years. RESULTS--For the samples of 1978, the geometric mean (GM) was 67 (range 30-250) micrograms/l in boys and 53 (18-161) micrograms/l in girls, whereas the corresponding GMs for 1994 were 27 (12-122) and 23 (12-97) micrograms/l. The sex difference was present only in children over eight. Moreover, residential area affected BPb; in particular, children living near a smelter area had raised BPbs. There was a clear ecological relation between BPb (adjusted GM) and annual lead quantity in petrol sold in Sweden, which was estimated to be 1637 tonnes in 1976 and 133 tonnes in 1993 (P < 0.001, ecological linear regression analysis, where a two year lag of petrol lead was applied). In the 171 boys and 165 girls who were sampled twice with an interval of one to four years, the decreases in BPb were estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval 4%-8%) and 10% (8%-13%)/year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS--The present report points out the considerable beneficial effect of the gradual banning of petrol lead on the lead exposure affecting the population and differential sex specific BPb patterns due to a pronounced age effect in girls, which may be caused by older girls' lower food intake per kg of body weight, lower lung ventilation, cleaner life style, and loss of blood lead through menstrual bleedings. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/oem.52.11.764 |
| format | Article |
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METHODS--In the south of Sweden, yearly from 1978-94, BPb was measured in 1230 boys and 1211 girls, aged between 3 and 19 (median 10; quartiles 9 and 12) years. RESULTS--For the samples of 1978, the geometric mean (GM) was 67 (range 30-250) micrograms/l in boys and 53 (18-161) micrograms/l in girls, whereas the corresponding GMs for 1994 were 27 (12-122) and 23 (12-97) micrograms/l. The sex difference was present only in children over eight. Moreover, residential area affected BPb; in particular, children living near a smelter area had raised BPbs. There was a clear ecological relation between BPb (adjusted GM) and annual lead quantity in petrol sold in Sweden, which was estimated to be 1637 tonnes in 1976 and 133 tonnes in 1993 (P < 0.001, ecological linear regression analysis, where a two year lag of petrol lead was applied). In the 171 boys and 165 girls who were sampled twice with an interval of one to four years, the decreases in BPb were estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval 4%-8%) and 10% (8%-13%)/year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS--The present report points out the considerable beneficial effect of the gradual banning of petrol lead on the lead exposure affecting the population and differential sex specific BPb patterns due to a pronounced age effect in girls, which may be caused by older girls' lower food intake per kg of body weight, lower lung ventilation, cleaner life style, and loss of blood lead through menstrual bleedings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1351-0711</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1470-7926</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/oem.52.11.764</identifier><identifier>PMID: 8535497</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Automobile exhaust ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood ; Blood levels ; Body weight ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Environmental Exposure - analysis ; Environmental impact ; Female ; Gasoline ; Humans ; Lead ; Lead - blood ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Metals and various inorganic compounds ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pollutant emissions ; Regression analysis ; Residential areas ; Rural areas ; Sex Factors ; Smelters ; Sweden ; Time Factors ; Toxicology ; Urban areas</subject><ispartof>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England), 1995-11, Vol.52 (11), p.764-769</ispartof><rights>1995 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright BMJ Publishing Group LTD Nov 1995</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b563t-aa8a18cde5c999ecc57c5c4bd273aea87429836b60884b3be6e865bc7eafaaa73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b563t-aa8a18cde5c999ecc57c5c4bd273aea87429836b60884b3be6e865bc7eafaaa73</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27730438$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/27730438$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,803,885,27923,27924,53790,53792,58016,58249</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3697738$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8535497$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Strömberg, U</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schütz, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skerfving, S</creatorcontrib><title>Substantial decrease of blood lead in Swedish children, 1978-94, associated with petrol lead</title><title>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</title><addtitle>Occup Environ Med</addtitle><description>OBJECTIVES--To study the potential impact of environmental exposure to petrol lead, residential area, age, sex, and lead exposing hobby, on blood lead concentrations (BPb) in children. METHODS--In the south of Sweden, yearly from 1978-94, BPb was measured in 1230 boys and 1211 girls, aged between 3 and 19 (median 10; quartiles 9 and 12) years. RESULTS--For the samples of 1978, the geometric mean (GM) was 67 (range 30-250) micrograms/l in boys and 53 (18-161) micrograms/l in girls, whereas the corresponding GMs for 1994 were 27 (12-122) and 23 (12-97) micrograms/l. The sex difference was present only in children over eight. Moreover, residential area affected BPb; in particular, children living near a smelter area had raised BPbs. There was a clear ecological relation between BPb (adjusted GM) and annual lead quantity in petrol sold in Sweden, which was estimated to be 1637 tonnes in 1976 and 133 tonnes in 1993 (P < 0.001, ecological linear regression analysis, where a two year lag of petrol lead was applied). In the 171 boys and 165 girls who were sampled twice with an interval of one to four years, the decreases in BPb were estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval 4%-8%) and 10% (8%-13%)/year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS--The present report points out the considerable beneficial effect of the gradual banning of petrol lead on the lead exposure affecting the population and differential sex specific BPb patterns due to a pronounced age effect in girls, which may be caused by older girls' lower food intake per kg of body weight, lower lung ventilation, cleaner life style, and loss of blood lead through menstrual bleedings.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Automobile exhaust</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Blood levels</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gasoline</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Lead - blood</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metals and various inorganic compounds</subject><subject>Multivariate Analysis</subject><subject>Pollutant emissions</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Residential areas</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Smelters</subject><subject>Sweden</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><issn>1351-0711</issn><issn>1470-7926</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1995</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc2LFDEQxRtR1nX06FEIKIuH7THpdL4ugjt-wqLg6p6EUJ2udjJ2d8ak29X_3ugMs-pFcqiC98vjFa8o7jO6ZIzLJwGHpajyvlSyvlEcs1rRUplK3sw7F6ykirHbxZ2UNpQyrnh1VBxpwUVt1HHx6WJu0gTj5KEnLbqIkJCEjjR9CC3pEVriR3Jxha1Pa-LWvm8jjqeEGaVLU58SSCk4DxO25MpPa7LFKYb-98-7xa0O-oT39nNRfHz54sPqdXn-7tWb1bPzshGSTyWABqZdi8IZY9A5oZxwddNWigOCVnVlNJeNpFrXDW9QopaicQqhAwDFF8XTne92bgZsHY5ThN5uox8g_rABvP1bGf3afg7fLGOV5kJng5O9QQxfZ0yTHXxy2PcwYpiTZYpSbvJbFA__ATdhjmM-LjOKVVIaWmeq3FEuhpQidocojNpfpdlcmhVV3m0uLfMP_sx_oPctZf3RXofkoO8ijM6nA8alUYrra5tNmkI8yFUWcyh9HcunCb8fdIhfrFRcCfv2cmXrs8v6-Uox-z7zj3d8M2z-c8FPxQrFEg</recordid><startdate>19951101</startdate><enddate>19951101</enddate><creator>Strömberg, U</creator><creator>Schütz, A</creator><creator>Skerfving, S</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19951101</creationdate><title>Substantial decrease of blood lead in Swedish children, 1978-94, associated with petrol lead</title><author>Strömberg, U ; Schütz, A ; Skerfving, S</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b563t-aa8a18cde5c999ecc57c5c4bd273aea87429836b60884b3be6e865bc7eafaaa73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1995</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Automobile exhaust</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Blood levels</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gasoline</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Lead - blood</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Metals and various inorganic compounds</topic><topic>Multivariate Analysis</topic><topic>Pollutant emissions</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Residential areas</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Smelters</topic><topic>Sweden</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Urban areas</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Strömberg, U</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schütz, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skerfving, S</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Proquest Nursing & Allied Health Source</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Strömberg, U</au><au>Schütz, A</au><au>Skerfving, S</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Substantial decrease of blood lead in Swedish children, 1978-94, associated with petrol lead</atitle><jtitle>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</jtitle><addtitle>Occup Environ Med</addtitle><date>1995-11-01</date><risdate>1995</risdate><volume>52</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>764</spage><epage>769</epage><pages>764-769</pages><issn>1351-0711</issn><eissn>1470-7926</eissn><abstract>OBJECTIVES--To study the potential impact of environmental exposure to petrol lead, residential area, age, sex, and lead exposing hobby, on blood lead concentrations (BPb) in children. METHODS--In the south of Sweden, yearly from 1978-94, BPb was measured in 1230 boys and 1211 girls, aged between 3 and 19 (median 10; quartiles 9 and 12) years. RESULTS--For the samples of 1978, the geometric mean (GM) was 67 (range 30-250) micrograms/l in boys and 53 (18-161) micrograms/l in girls, whereas the corresponding GMs for 1994 were 27 (12-122) and 23 (12-97) micrograms/l. The sex difference was present only in children over eight. Moreover, residential area affected BPb; in particular, children living near a smelter area had raised BPbs. There was a clear ecological relation between BPb (adjusted GM) and annual lead quantity in petrol sold in Sweden, which was estimated to be 1637 tonnes in 1976 and 133 tonnes in 1993 (P < 0.001, ecological linear regression analysis, where a two year lag of petrol lead was applied). In the 171 boys and 165 girls who were sampled twice with an interval of one to four years, the decreases in BPb were estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval 4%-8%) and 10% (8%-13%)/year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS--The present report points out the considerable beneficial effect of the gradual banning of petrol lead on the lead exposure affecting the population and differential sex specific BPb patterns due to a pronounced age effect in girls, which may be caused by older girls' lower food intake per kg of body weight, lower lung ventilation, cleaner life style, and loss of blood lead through menstrual bleedings.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</pub><pmid>8535497</pmid><doi>10.1136/oem.52.11.764</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England), 1995-11, Vol.52 (11), p.764-769 |
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| source | MEDLINE; JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adolescent Age Factors Automobile exhaust Biological and medical sciences Blood Blood levels Body weight Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Child Child, Preschool Children Environmental Exposure - analysis Environmental impact Female Gasoline Humans Lead Lead - blood Male Medical sciences Metals and various inorganic compounds Multivariate Analysis Pollutant emissions Regression analysis Residential areas Rural areas Sex Factors Smelters Sweden Time Factors Toxicology Urban areas |
| title | Substantial decrease of blood lead in Swedish children, 1978-94, associated with petrol lead |
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