Neuroendocrine disturbances in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an update and future directions
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is one of the most common causes of both primary and secondary amenorrhea in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by chronic anovulation and the absence of menses that appear as a result of stressors such as eating disorders, excessive exercise, or...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Endocrine 2024-06, Vol.84 (3), p.769-785 |
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| container_title | Endocrine |
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| creator | Męczekalski, Błażej Niwczyk, Olga Battipaglia, Christian Troia, Libera Kostrzak, Anna Bala, Gregory Maciejewska-Jeske, Marzena Genazzani, Alessandro D. Luisi, Stefano |
| description | Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is one of the most common causes of both primary and secondary amenorrhea in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by chronic anovulation and the absence of menses that appear as a result of stressors such as eating disorders, excessive exercise, or psychological distress. FHA is presumed to be a functional disruption in the pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn impairs the release of gonadotropin. Hypoestrogenism is observed due to the absence of ovarian follicle recruitment. Numerous neurotransmitters have been identified which play an important role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and of which the impairment would contribute to developing FHA. In this review we summarize the most recent advances in the identification of contributing neuroendocrine disturbances and relevant contributors to the development of FHA. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12020-023-03619-w |
| format | Article |
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In this review we summarize the most recent advances in the identification of contributing neuroendocrine disturbances and relevant contributors to the development of FHA.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1559-0100</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1355-008X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1559-0100</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03619-w</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38062345</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Amenorrhea ; Diabetes ; Eating disorders ; Endocrinology ; Estrogens ; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Gonadotropins ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; Hypothalamus ; Internal Medicine ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; multidisciplinary ; Neuroendocrine system ; Pituitary ; Pituitary (anterior) ; Review ; Science</subject><ispartof>Endocrine, 2024-06, Vol.84 (3), p.769-785</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s).</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. 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It is characterized by chronic anovulation and the absence of menses that appear as a result of stressors such as eating disorders, excessive exercise, or psychological distress. FHA is presumed to be a functional disruption in the pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn impairs the release of gonadotropin. Hypoestrogenism is observed due to the absence of ovarian follicle recruitment. Numerous neurotransmitters have been identified which play an important role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and of which the impairment would contribute to developing FHA. In this review we summarize the most recent advances in the identification of contributing neuroendocrine disturbances and relevant contributors to the development of FHA.</description><subject>Amenorrhea</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Eating disorders</subject><subject>Endocrinology</subject><subject>Estrogens</subject><subject>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</subject><subject>Gonadotropins</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>Hypothalamus</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Neuroendocrine system</subject><subject>Pituitary</subject><subject>Pituitary (anterior)</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Science</subject><issn>1559-0100</issn><issn>1355-008X</issn><issn>1559-0100</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUtv1TAQhS1ERR_wB1igSGzYhPqRxDEbhKoWkCrYwNoaO-PGVWJf7KRX_ff17S2lsGBjjzTfOWPPIeQ1o-8ZpfI0M045rSkXNRUdU_X2GTlibatqWvrPn9SH5Djna0o55518QQ5FTzsumvaIzN9wTRHDEG3yAavB52VNBoLFXPlQbeOM5fTLWLk12MXHAFM13m7iMsIEs7cVFCKmNCJ8qCBU62aABUs1FEXx2nkmvFfml-TAwZTx1cN9Qn5enP84-1Jffv_89ezTZW0b2S71YJ0zzdCr1iDwRvXWKqU66zrVG-OYA2MUbZtOgGyloYB956Rw1nAjHQhxQj7ufTermXGwGJYEk94kP0O61RG8_rsT_Kiv4o1mZaU975ri8O7BIcVfK-ZFzz5bnCYIGNesuaJc7XbICvr2H_Q6rqmsKWtBJZeSKyYLxfeUTTHnhO7xNYzqXZx6H6cucer7OPW2iN48_cej5Hd-BRB7IJdWuML0Z_Z_bO8AVBOvqA</recordid><startdate>20240601</startdate><enddate>20240601</enddate><creator>Męczekalski, Błażej</creator><creator>Niwczyk, Olga</creator><creator>Battipaglia, Christian</creator><creator>Troia, Libera</creator><creator>Kostrzak, Anna</creator><creator>Bala, Gregory</creator><creator>Maciejewska-Jeske, Marzena</creator><creator>Genazzani, Alessandro D.</creator><creator>Luisi, Stefano</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240601</creationdate><title>Neuroendocrine disturbances in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an update and future directions</title><author>Męczekalski, Błażej ; 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| subjects | Amenorrhea Diabetes Eating disorders Endocrinology Estrogens Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gonadotropins Humanities and Social Sciences Hypothalamus Internal Medicine Medicine Medicine & Public Health multidisciplinary Neuroendocrine system Pituitary Pituitary (anterior) Review Science |
| title | Neuroendocrine disturbances in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an update and future directions |
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