Clinical phenotype and outcome of persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication in immunocompromised hosts: a retrospective observational study in the Omicron era
Purpose This study aims to describe clinical, virological and radiological characteristics as well as treatment strategies and outcomes of immunocompromised patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of immunocompromised patients at the Univers...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Infection 2024-06, Vol.52 (3), p.923-933 |
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| creator | Götz, Veronika Mathé, Philipp Agarwal, Prerana Hornuss, Daniel Pfau, Stefanie Panning, Marcus Prager, Eric Voll, Reinhard E. Engelhardt, Monika Frye, Björn C. Bamberg, Fabian Fuchs, Jonas Müller, Matthias Wagner, Dirk Rieg, Siegbert |
| description | Purpose
This study aims to describe clinical, virological and radiological characteristics as well as treatment strategies and outcomes of immunocompromised patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication.
Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of immunocompromised patients at the University Medical Center Freiburg between 01/2022 and 05/2023. Patients with substantial immunosuppression and persistent SARS-CoV-2 detection (Ct-value 10 days. In 30% (8/27) of patients with repeated CT scans, we found the emergence of chronic pulmonary changes, which were more frequently in patients with B cell depletion (37%, 7/19) compared to patients with organ transplantation (12%, 2/17).
Conclusion
Ongoing SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lower respiratory tract is a relevant differential diagnosis in patients with severe immunosuppression and continuous cough, fever or dyspnoea even if nasopharyngeal swabs test negative for SARS-CoV-2. Especially in B cell-depleted patients, this may lead to inflammatory or fibrotic-like pulmonary changes, which are partially reversible after inhibition of viral replication. Antiviral therapy seems to be most effective in combination and over a prolonged period of time of > 10 days.
Trial registration number
DRKS 00027299. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s15010-023-02138-0 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11142974</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3062787501</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c426t-206b4ef9c41f156b69eab56397b53c9c535bd3817383ba1e6ae06622a9a685a43</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc1u1DAUhS0EokPhBVggS2y6CVzbsROzQdWIP6lSJQpsLce503GVxMF2RpoX4XnxdEr5WSDZ8uJ-51zfewh5zuAVA2heJyaBQQVclMtEW8EDsmK10BXoRjwkKxAAVcu4OiFPUroBAKnr5jE5ES1o2UixIj_Wg5-8swOdtziFvJ-R2qmnYckujEjDhs4Yk08Zp0yvzj9fVevwreI04jwUXfZhor6ccVymUCRzDKNP2NNtSDm9obaQOYY0o8t-Vwy7hHF3qytNU176_UGft0gvR-9iscNon5JHGzskfHb3npKv7999WX-sLi4_fFqfX1Su5ipXHFRX40a7mm2YVJ3SaDuphG46KZx2UsiuFy1rRCs6y1BZBKU4t9qqVtpanJK3R9956UbsXRky2sHM0Y827k2w3vxdmfzWXIedYYzVXDcHh7M7hxi-L5iyKeM7HAY7YViS4Rq4VrIFWdCX_6A3YYllDckIULxpm5JnofiRKrtIKeLm_jcMzCF3c8zdlNzNbe4GiujFn3PcS34FXQBxBFIpTdcYf_f-j-1Pes27ow</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3062787501</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Clinical phenotype and outcome of persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication in immunocompromised hosts: a retrospective observational study in the Omicron era</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Götz, Veronika ; Mathé, Philipp ; Agarwal, Prerana ; Hornuss, Daniel ; Pfau, Stefanie ; Panning, Marcus ; Prager, Eric ; Voll, Reinhard E. ; Engelhardt, Monika ; Frye, Björn C. ; Bamberg, Fabian ; Fuchs, Jonas ; Müller, Matthias ; Wagner, Dirk ; Rieg, Siegbert</creator><creatorcontrib>Götz, Veronika ; Mathé, Philipp ; Agarwal, Prerana ; Hornuss, Daniel ; Pfau, Stefanie ; Panning, Marcus ; Prager, Eric ; Voll, Reinhard E. ; Engelhardt, Monika ; Frye, Björn C. ; Bamberg, Fabian ; Fuchs, Jonas ; Müller, Matthias ; Wagner, Dirk ; Rieg, Siegbert</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
This study aims to describe clinical, virological and radiological characteristics as well as treatment strategies and outcomes of immunocompromised patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication.
Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of immunocompromised patients at the University Medical Center Freiburg between 01/2022 and 05/2023. Patients with substantial immunosuppression and persistent SARS-CoV-2 detection (Ct-value < 30 after 14 days) were included.
Results
36 patients in our cohort reported mainly fever, dyspnoea or continuous cough. Viral load was significantly higher in concurrent samples taken from the lower respiratory tract (Ct-value = 26) than from the upper respiratory tract (Ct-value = 34). Time of detectable viral RNA after start of antiviral treatment was shorter in patients receiving two antivirals (median 15 days vs. 31 days with one antiviral agent). Short-course antiviral therapy (≤ 5 days) was less efficient in reduction of symptoms and viral load than prolonged therapy > 10 days. In 30% (8/27) of patients with repeated CT scans, we found the emergence of chronic pulmonary changes, which were more frequently in patients with B cell depletion (37%, 7/19) compared to patients with organ transplantation (12%, 2/17).
Conclusion
Ongoing SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lower respiratory tract is a relevant differential diagnosis in patients with severe immunosuppression and continuous cough, fever or dyspnoea even if nasopharyngeal swabs test negative for SARS-CoV-2. Especially in B cell-depleted patients, this may lead to inflammatory or fibrotic-like pulmonary changes, which are partially reversible after inhibition of viral replication. Antiviral therapy seems to be most effective in combination and over a prolonged period of time of > 10 days.
Trial registration number
DRKS 00027299.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0300-8126</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1439-0973</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-0973</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02138-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38095753</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antiviral agents ; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use ; Computed tomography ; Cough ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - diagnosis ; COVID-19 - immunology ; COVID-19 - physiopathology ; COVID-19 - virology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Depletion ; Differential diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Family Medicine ; Female ; Fever ; General Practice ; Health care facilities ; Health services ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Immunocompromised hosts ; Immunosuppression ; Infectious Diseases ; Inflammation ; Internal Medicine ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Observational studies ; Patients ; Phenotype ; Phenotypes ; Replication ; Respiration ; Respiratory tract ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Viral diseases ; Viral Load - drug effects ; Virus Replication</subject><ispartof>Infection, 2024-06, Vol.52 (3), p.923-933</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s).</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c426t-206b4ef9c41f156b69eab56397b53c9c535bd3817383ba1e6ae06622a9a685a43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s15010-023-02138-0$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s15010-023-02138-0$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27923,27924,41487,42556,51318</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38095753$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Götz, Veronika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mathé, Philipp</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Agarwal, Prerana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hornuss, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfau, Stefanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Panning, Marcus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prager, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voll, Reinhard E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engelhardt, Monika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frye, Björn C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bamberg, Fabian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fuchs, Jonas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller, Matthias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Dirk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rieg, Siegbert</creatorcontrib><title>Clinical phenotype and outcome of persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication in immunocompromised hosts: a retrospective observational study in the Omicron era</title><title>Infection</title><addtitle>Infection</addtitle><addtitle>Infection</addtitle><description>Purpose
This study aims to describe clinical, virological and radiological characteristics as well as treatment strategies and outcomes of immunocompromised patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication.
Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of immunocompromised patients at the University Medical Center Freiburg between 01/2022 and 05/2023. Patients with substantial immunosuppression and persistent SARS-CoV-2 detection (Ct-value < 30 after 14 days) were included.
Results
36 patients in our cohort reported mainly fever, dyspnoea or continuous cough. Viral load was significantly higher in concurrent samples taken from the lower respiratory tract (Ct-value = 26) than from the upper respiratory tract (Ct-value = 34). Time of detectable viral RNA after start of antiviral treatment was shorter in patients receiving two antivirals (median 15 days vs. 31 days with one antiviral agent). Short-course antiviral therapy (≤ 5 days) was less efficient in reduction of symptoms and viral load than prolonged therapy > 10 days. In 30% (8/27) of patients with repeated CT scans, we found the emergence of chronic pulmonary changes, which were more frequently in patients with B cell depletion (37%, 7/19) compared to patients with organ transplantation (12%, 2/17).
Conclusion
Ongoing SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lower respiratory tract is a relevant differential diagnosis in patients with severe immunosuppression and continuous cough, fever or dyspnoea even if nasopharyngeal swabs test negative for SARS-CoV-2. Especially in B cell-depleted patients, this may lead to inflammatory or fibrotic-like pulmonary changes, which are partially reversible after inhibition of viral replication. Antiviral therapy seems to be most effective in combination and over a prolonged period of time of > 10 days.
Trial registration number
DRKS 00027299.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Antiviral agents</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Cough</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - diagnosis</subject><subject>COVID-19 - immunology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - physiopathology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - virology</subject><subject>COVID-19 Drug Treatment</subject><subject>Depletion</subject><subject>Differential diagnosis</subject><subject>Dyspnea</subject><subject>Family Medicine</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>General Practice</subject><subject>Health care facilities</subject><subject>Health services</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunocompromised Host</subject><subject>Immunocompromised hosts</subject><subject>Immunosuppression</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Observational studies</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Phenotype</subject><subject>Phenotypes</subject><subject>Replication</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Respiratory tract</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Therapy</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viral Load - drug effects</subject><subject>Virus Replication</subject><issn>0300-8126</issn><issn>1439-0973</issn><issn>1439-0973</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1u1DAUhS0EokPhBVggS2y6CVzbsROzQdWIP6lSJQpsLce503GVxMF2RpoX4XnxdEr5WSDZ8uJ-51zfewh5zuAVA2heJyaBQQVclMtEW8EDsmK10BXoRjwkKxAAVcu4OiFPUroBAKnr5jE5ES1o2UixIj_Wg5-8swOdtziFvJ-R2qmnYckujEjDhs4Yk08Zp0yvzj9fVevwreI04jwUXfZhor6ccVymUCRzDKNP2NNtSDm9obaQOYY0o8t-Vwy7hHF3qytNU176_UGft0gvR-9iscNon5JHGzskfHb3npKv7999WX-sLi4_fFqfX1Su5ipXHFRX40a7mm2YVJ3SaDuphG46KZx2UsiuFy1rRCs6y1BZBKU4t9qqVtpanJK3R9956UbsXRky2sHM0Y827k2w3vxdmfzWXIedYYzVXDcHh7M7hxi-L5iyKeM7HAY7YViS4Rq4VrIFWdCX_6A3YYllDckIULxpm5JnofiRKrtIKeLm_jcMzCF3c8zdlNzNbe4GiujFn3PcS34FXQBxBFIpTdcYf_f-j-1Pes27ow</recordid><startdate>20240601</startdate><enddate>20240601</enddate><creator>Götz, Veronika</creator><creator>Mathé, Philipp</creator><creator>Agarwal, Prerana</creator><creator>Hornuss, Daniel</creator><creator>Pfau, Stefanie</creator><creator>Panning, Marcus</creator><creator>Prager, Eric</creator><creator>Voll, Reinhard E.</creator><creator>Engelhardt, Monika</creator><creator>Frye, Björn C.</creator><creator>Bamberg, Fabian</creator><creator>Fuchs, Jonas</creator><creator>Müller, Matthias</creator><creator>Wagner, Dirk</creator><creator>Rieg, Siegbert</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240601</creationdate><title>Clinical phenotype and outcome of persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication in immunocompromised hosts: a retrospective observational study in the Omicron era</title><author>Götz, Veronika ; Mathé, Philipp ; Agarwal, Prerana ; Hornuss, Daniel ; Pfau, Stefanie ; Panning, Marcus ; Prager, Eric ; Voll, Reinhard E. ; Engelhardt, Monika ; Frye, Björn C. ; Bamberg, Fabian ; Fuchs, Jonas ; Müller, Matthias ; Wagner, Dirk ; Rieg, Siegbert</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c426t-206b4ef9c41f156b69eab56397b53c9c535bd3817383ba1e6ae06622a9a685a43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Antiviral agents</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Cough</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - diagnosis</topic><topic>COVID-19 - immunology</topic><topic>COVID-19 - physiopathology</topic><topic>COVID-19 - virology</topic><topic>COVID-19 Drug Treatment</topic><topic>Depletion</topic><topic>Differential diagnosis</topic><topic>Dyspnea</topic><topic>Family Medicine</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fever</topic><topic>General Practice</topic><topic>Health care facilities</topic><topic>Health services</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunocompromised Host</topic><topic>Immunocompromised hosts</topic><topic>Immunosuppression</topic><topic>Infectious Diseases</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Observational studies</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Phenotype</topic><topic>Phenotypes</topic><topic>Replication</topic><topic>Respiration</topic><topic>Respiratory tract</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Therapy</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Viral Load - drug effects</topic><topic>Virus Replication</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Götz, Veronika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mathé, Philipp</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Agarwal, Prerana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hornuss, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfau, Stefanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Panning, Marcus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prager, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voll, Reinhard E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engelhardt, Monika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frye, Björn C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bamberg, Fabian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fuchs, Jonas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller, Matthias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Dirk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rieg, Siegbert</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Infection</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Götz, Veronika</au><au>Mathé, Philipp</au><au>Agarwal, Prerana</au><au>Hornuss, Daniel</au><au>Pfau, Stefanie</au><au>Panning, Marcus</au><au>Prager, Eric</au><au>Voll, Reinhard E.</au><au>Engelhardt, Monika</au><au>Frye, Björn C.</au><au>Bamberg, Fabian</au><au>Fuchs, Jonas</au><au>Müller, Matthias</au><au>Wagner, Dirk</au><au>Rieg, Siegbert</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Clinical phenotype and outcome of persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication in immunocompromised hosts: a retrospective observational study in the Omicron era</atitle><jtitle>Infection</jtitle><stitle>Infection</stitle><addtitle>Infection</addtitle><date>2024-06-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>52</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>923</spage><epage>933</epage><pages>923-933</pages><issn>0300-8126</issn><issn>1439-0973</issn><eissn>1439-0973</eissn><abstract>Purpose
This study aims to describe clinical, virological and radiological characteristics as well as treatment strategies and outcomes of immunocompromised patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication.
Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of immunocompromised patients at the University Medical Center Freiburg between 01/2022 and 05/2023. Patients with substantial immunosuppression and persistent SARS-CoV-2 detection (Ct-value < 30 after 14 days) were included.
Results
36 patients in our cohort reported mainly fever, dyspnoea or continuous cough. Viral load was significantly higher in concurrent samples taken from the lower respiratory tract (Ct-value = 26) than from the upper respiratory tract (Ct-value = 34). Time of detectable viral RNA after start of antiviral treatment was shorter in patients receiving two antivirals (median 15 days vs. 31 days with one antiviral agent). Short-course antiviral therapy (≤ 5 days) was less efficient in reduction of symptoms and viral load than prolonged therapy > 10 days. In 30% (8/27) of patients with repeated CT scans, we found the emergence of chronic pulmonary changes, which were more frequently in patients with B cell depletion (37%, 7/19) compared to patients with organ transplantation (12%, 2/17).
Conclusion
Ongoing SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lower respiratory tract is a relevant differential diagnosis in patients with severe immunosuppression and continuous cough, fever or dyspnoea even if nasopharyngeal swabs test negative for SARS-CoV-2. Especially in B cell-depleted patients, this may lead to inflammatory or fibrotic-like pulmonary changes, which are partially reversible after inhibition of viral replication. Antiviral therapy seems to be most effective in combination and over a prolonged period of time of > 10 days.
Trial registration number
DRKS 00027299.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>38095753</pmid><doi>10.1007/s15010-023-02138-0</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Infection, 2024-06, Vol.52 (3), p.923-933 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Antiviral agents Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use Computed tomography Cough COVID-19 COVID-19 - diagnosis COVID-19 - immunology COVID-19 - physiopathology COVID-19 - virology COVID-19 Drug Treatment Depletion Differential diagnosis Dyspnea Family Medicine Female Fever General Practice Health care facilities Health services Humans Immunocompromised Host Immunocompromised hosts Immunosuppression Infectious Diseases Inflammation Internal Medicine Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Middle Aged Observational studies Patients Phenotype Phenotypes Replication Respiration Respiratory tract Retrospective Studies SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Therapy Treatment Outcome Viral diseases Viral Load - drug effects Virus Replication |
| title | Clinical phenotype and outcome of persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication in immunocompromised hosts: a retrospective observational study in the Omicron era |
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