Effects of increasing omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, immune response, and mortality in nursery pigs
Abstract Three experiments evaluated omega-3 fatty acids, provided by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, mortality, and response to an LPS immune challenge or natural Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) outbreak. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 ...
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| creator | Bromm, Jenna J Tokach, Mike D Woodworth, Jason C Goodband, Robert D DeRouchey, Joel M Hastad, Chad W Post, Zach B Flohr, Josh R Schmitt, Raymond A Zarate Ledesma, Jose F Gebhardt, Jordan T |
| description | Abstract
Three experiments evaluated omega-3 fatty acids, provided by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, mortality, and response to an LPS immune challenge or natural Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) outbreak. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% O3 trial feed) with 14 replications per treatment. On day 25, two pigs per pen were injected intramuscularly with 20 μg Escherichia coli LPS per kg BW and one pig per pen was injected with saline as a control. Body temperature was taken from all three pigs prior to and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h post-LPS challenge. Serum IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were determined in LPS-challenged pigs 24 h prior and 4 h post-LPS challenge. There was no interaction between treatment and time for change in body temperature (P > 0.10). Overall, increasing the O3 trial feed did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, G:F, IL-1β, or TNF-α. In experiment 2, 1,056 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02] initially 7.3 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3% O3 trial feed) with 12 replications per treatment. Oral fluids tested negative on days 7 and 14, but then positive for North American PRRSV virus via PCR on days 21, 28, 35, and 42. Overall, increasing O3 trial feed increased (linear, P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/tas/txae002 |
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Three experiments evaluated omega-3 fatty acids, provided by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, mortality, and response to an LPS immune challenge or natural Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) outbreak. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% O3 trial feed) with 14 replications per treatment. On day 25, two pigs per pen were injected intramuscularly with 20 μg Escherichia coli LPS per kg BW and one pig per pen was injected with saline as a control. Body temperature was taken from all three pigs prior to and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h post-LPS challenge. Serum IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were determined in LPS-challenged pigs 24 h prior and 4 h post-LPS challenge. There was no interaction between treatment and time for change in body temperature (P > 0.10). Overall, increasing the O3 trial feed did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, G:F, IL-1β, or TNF-α. In experiment 2, 1,056 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02] initially 7.3 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3% O3 trial feed) with 12 replications per treatment. Oral fluids tested negative on days 7 and 14, but then positive for North American PRRSV virus via PCR on days 21, 28, 35, and 42. Overall, increasing O3 trial feed increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and G:F and decreased (linear, P = 0.027) total removals and mortality. In experiment 3, 91,140 pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 5.1 kg), originating from PRRSV-positive sow farms, were used across eight nursery sites. Each site contained five barns with two rooms per barn and ~1,100 pigs per room. Rooms of pigs were blocked by nursery site and allocated within sow source to one of the two dietary treatments (control or 3% O3 trial feed) with 40 replications per treatment. Oral fluids from 61 of the 80 rooms tested positive for North American PRRSV virus 1 wk postweaning and 78 of the 80 rooms tested positive 3 wk after weaning. Overall, O3 trial feed did not affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F but increased (P < 0.001) total removals and mortalities. In summary, increasing omega-3 fatty acids, sourced by O3 trial feed, did not improve growth performance or immune response in healthy pigs given an LPS challenge. However, it appears that if omega-3 fatty acids are fed prior to a natural PRRSV break (as in experiment 2), growth performance may be improved, and mortality reduced.
Increasing the level of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet before a natural PRRSV break, through the inclusion of O3 trial feed, can improve growth performance, immune response, and reduce mortality during a health challenge.
Lay Summary
Inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet has been used to improve the immune response by reducing the omega-6:3 fatty acid ratio. O3 trial feed is a flax seed and Nannochloropsis algae-derived source of omega-3 fatty acids. The fatty acid profile of this product makes it a viable option to reduce the omega-6:3 fatty acid ratio for nursery pigs and potentially improve immune function. However, there is no published research available with O3 trial feed as a source of omega-3 fatty acids in nursery pigs. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to determine the influence of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid), sourced by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, response to an LPS immune challenge, and morbidity and mortality in Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV)-positive pigs in a commercial setting. Overall, the results from these experiments suggest increasing levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet, through the inclusion of O3 Trial Feed, may not improve growth performance or immune response in healthy pigs given an LPS challenge. However, if omega-3 fatty acids are fed before a natural PRRSV break, growth performance, immune response, and mortality can be improved during the health challenge.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2573-2102</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2573-2102</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae002</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38375403</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Non Ruminant Nutrition</subject><ispartof>Translational animal science, 2024-01, Vol.8, p.txae002-txae002</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. 2024</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c371t-830c84d0d9c1c5e1da11a226f220a69673f9b015d38610887788a697fc6a349e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7268-4278</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10876070/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10876070/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,1598,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38375403$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bromm, Jenna J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tokach, Mike D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woodworth, Jason C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goodband, Robert D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeRouchey, Joel M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hastad, Chad W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Post, Zach B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flohr, Josh R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmitt, Raymond A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zarate Ledesma, Jose F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gebhardt, Jordan T</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of increasing omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, immune response, and mortality in nursery pigs</title><title>Translational animal science</title><addtitle>Transl Anim Sci</addtitle><description>Abstract
Three experiments evaluated omega-3 fatty acids, provided by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, mortality, and response to an LPS immune challenge or natural Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) outbreak. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% O3 trial feed) with 14 replications per treatment. On day 25, two pigs per pen were injected intramuscularly with 20 μg Escherichia coli LPS per kg BW and one pig per pen was injected with saline as a control. Body temperature was taken from all three pigs prior to and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h post-LPS challenge. Serum IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were determined in LPS-challenged pigs 24 h prior and 4 h post-LPS challenge. There was no interaction between treatment and time for change in body temperature (P > 0.10). Overall, increasing the O3 trial feed did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, G:F, IL-1β, or TNF-α. In experiment 2, 1,056 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02] initially 7.3 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3% O3 trial feed) with 12 replications per treatment. Oral fluids tested negative on days 7 and 14, but then positive for North American PRRSV virus via PCR on days 21, 28, 35, and 42. Overall, increasing O3 trial feed increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and G:F and decreased (linear, P = 0.027) total removals and mortality. In experiment 3, 91,140 pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 5.1 kg), originating from PRRSV-positive sow farms, were used across eight nursery sites. Each site contained five barns with two rooms per barn and ~1,100 pigs per room. Rooms of pigs were blocked by nursery site and allocated within sow source to one of the two dietary treatments (control or 3% O3 trial feed) with 40 replications per treatment. Oral fluids from 61 of the 80 rooms tested positive for North American PRRSV virus 1 wk postweaning and 78 of the 80 rooms tested positive 3 wk after weaning. Overall, O3 trial feed did not affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F but increased (P < 0.001) total removals and mortalities. In summary, increasing omega-3 fatty acids, sourced by O3 trial feed, did not improve growth performance or immune response in healthy pigs given an LPS challenge. However, it appears that if omega-3 fatty acids are fed prior to a natural PRRSV break (as in experiment 2), growth performance may be improved, and mortality reduced.
Increasing the level of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet before a natural PRRSV break, through the inclusion of O3 trial feed, can improve growth performance, immune response, and reduce mortality during a health challenge.
Lay Summary
Inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet has been used to improve the immune response by reducing the omega-6:3 fatty acid ratio. O3 trial feed is a flax seed and Nannochloropsis algae-derived source of omega-3 fatty acids. The fatty acid profile of this product makes it a viable option to reduce the omega-6:3 fatty acid ratio for nursery pigs and potentially improve immune function. However, there is no published research available with O3 trial feed as a source of omega-3 fatty acids in nursery pigs. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to determine the influence of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid), sourced by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, response to an LPS immune challenge, and morbidity and mortality in Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV)-positive pigs in a commercial setting. Overall, the results from these experiments suggest increasing levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet, through the inclusion of O3 Trial Feed, may not improve growth performance or immune response in healthy pigs given an LPS challenge. However, if omega-3 fatty acids are fed before a natural PRRSV break, growth performance, immune response, and mortality can be improved during the health challenge.</description><subject>Non Ruminant Nutrition</subject><issn>2573-2102</issn><issn>2573-2102</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>TOX</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1vFSEUhomxsU3blXvDypjotHzcO8DKmKZ-JE3c6JqcMocpZgZGYNT776Xea1M3riDnPDxweAl5ztkFZ0ZeViiX9RcgY-IJORFbJTvBmXj6aH9Mzkv5xhjjxpies2fkWGqpthsmT0i69h5dLTR5GqLLCCXEkaYZR-gk9VDrjoILQyMiHXP6We_ogtmnPEN0-IaGeV4j0oxlSbG0AsSBzilXmEI7GyKNay6Yd3QJYzkjRx6mgueH9ZR8fX_95epjd_P5w6erdzedk4rXTkvm9GZgg3HcbZEPwDkI0XshGPSmV9KbW8a3g9RtIq2V0rrVlXc9yI1BeUre7r3Lejvj4DDWDJNdcpgh72yCYP_txHBnx_TDNpvqmWLN8OpgyOn7iqXaORSH0wQR01qsMELr9ol_0Nd71OVUSkb_cA9n9j4m22Kyh5ga_eLx0x7Yv6E04OUeSOvyX9NvHt-djg</recordid><startdate>20240101</startdate><enddate>20240101</enddate><creator>Bromm, Jenna J</creator><creator>Tokach, Mike D</creator><creator>Woodworth, Jason C</creator><creator>Goodband, Robert D</creator><creator>DeRouchey, Joel M</creator><creator>Hastad, Chad W</creator><creator>Post, Zach B</creator><creator>Flohr, Josh R</creator><creator>Schmitt, Raymond A</creator><creator>Zarate Ledesma, Jose F</creator><creator>Gebhardt, Jordan T</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>TOX</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7268-4278</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240101</creationdate><title>Effects of increasing omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, immune response, and mortality in nursery pigs</title><author>Bromm, Jenna J ; Tokach, Mike D ; Woodworth, Jason C ; Goodband, Robert D ; DeRouchey, Joel M ; Hastad, Chad W ; Post, Zach B ; Flohr, Josh R ; Schmitt, Raymond A ; Zarate Ledesma, Jose F ; Gebhardt, Jordan T</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c371t-830c84d0d9c1c5e1da11a226f220a69673f9b015d38610887788a697fc6a349e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Non Ruminant Nutrition</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Bromm, Jenna J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tokach, Mike D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woodworth, Jason C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goodband, Robert D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeRouchey, Joel M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hastad, Chad W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Post, Zach B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flohr, Josh R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmitt, Raymond A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zarate Ledesma, Jose F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gebhardt, Jordan T</creatorcontrib><collection>Oxford University Press Open Access</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Translational animal science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bromm, Jenna J</au><au>Tokach, Mike D</au><au>Woodworth, Jason C</au><au>Goodband, Robert D</au><au>DeRouchey, Joel M</au><au>Hastad, Chad W</au><au>Post, Zach B</au><au>Flohr, Josh R</au><au>Schmitt, Raymond A</au><au>Zarate Ledesma, Jose F</au><au>Gebhardt, Jordan T</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects of increasing omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, immune response, and mortality in nursery pigs</atitle><jtitle>Translational animal science</jtitle><addtitle>Transl Anim Sci</addtitle><date>2024-01-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>8</volume><spage>txae002</spage><epage>txae002</epage><pages>txae002-txae002</pages><issn>2573-2102</issn><eissn>2573-2102</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Three experiments evaluated omega-3 fatty acids, provided by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, mortality, and response to an LPS immune challenge or natural Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) outbreak. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% O3 trial feed) with 14 replications per treatment. On day 25, two pigs per pen were injected intramuscularly with 20 μg Escherichia coli LPS per kg BW and one pig per pen was injected with saline as a control. Body temperature was taken from all three pigs prior to and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h post-LPS challenge. Serum IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were determined in LPS-challenged pigs 24 h prior and 4 h post-LPS challenge. There was no interaction between treatment and time for change in body temperature (P > 0.10). Overall, increasing the O3 trial feed did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, G:F, IL-1β, or TNF-α. In experiment 2, 1,056 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02] initially 7.3 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3% O3 trial feed) with 12 replications per treatment. Oral fluids tested negative on days 7 and 14, but then positive for North American PRRSV virus via PCR on days 21, 28, 35, and 42. Overall, increasing O3 trial feed increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and G:F and decreased (linear, P = 0.027) total removals and mortality. In experiment 3, 91,140 pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 5.1 kg), originating from PRRSV-positive sow farms, were used across eight nursery sites. Each site contained five barns with two rooms per barn and ~1,100 pigs per room. Rooms of pigs were blocked by nursery site and allocated within sow source to one of the two dietary treatments (control or 3% O3 trial feed) with 40 replications per treatment. Oral fluids from 61 of the 80 rooms tested positive for North American PRRSV virus 1 wk postweaning and 78 of the 80 rooms tested positive 3 wk after weaning. Overall, O3 trial feed did not affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F but increased (P < 0.001) total removals and mortalities. In summary, increasing omega-3 fatty acids, sourced by O3 trial feed, did not improve growth performance or immune response in healthy pigs given an LPS challenge. However, it appears that if omega-3 fatty acids are fed prior to a natural PRRSV break (as in experiment 2), growth performance may be improved, and mortality reduced.
Increasing the level of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet before a natural PRRSV break, through the inclusion of O3 trial feed, can improve growth performance, immune response, and reduce mortality during a health challenge.
Lay Summary
Inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet has been used to improve the immune response by reducing the omega-6:3 fatty acid ratio. O3 trial feed is a flax seed and Nannochloropsis algae-derived source of omega-3 fatty acids. The fatty acid profile of this product makes it a viable option to reduce the omega-6:3 fatty acid ratio for nursery pigs and potentially improve immune function. However, there is no published research available with O3 trial feed as a source of omega-3 fatty acids in nursery pigs. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to determine the influence of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid), sourced by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, response to an LPS immune challenge, and morbidity and mortality in Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV)-positive pigs in a commercial setting. Overall, the results from these experiments suggest increasing levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet, through the inclusion of O3 Trial Feed, may not improve growth performance or immune response in healthy pigs given an LPS challenge. However, if omega-3 fatty acids are fed before a natural PRRSV break, growth performance, immune response, and mortality can be improved during the health challenge.</abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>38375403</pmid><doi>10.1093/tas/txae002</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7268-4278</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | PubMed Central (PMC); DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Oxford University Press Open Access; Alma/SFX Local Collection; EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Non Ruminant Nutrition |
| title | Effects of increasing omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, immune response, and mortality in nursery pigs |
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