The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam
Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children. The study aims to analyze the sedative effect and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam in outpatient pediatric procedural sedation across different age groups and to assess the incidence of...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of pediatrics 2024-01, Vol.183 (1), p.169-177 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 177 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 1 |
| container_start_page | 169 |
| container_title | European journal of pediatrics |
| container_volume | 183 |
| creator | Zhou, Xiaqing Zhao, Jialian Tu, Haiya Chen, Kunwei Hu, Yaoqin Jin, Yue |
| description | Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children. The study aims to analyze the sedative effect and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam in outpatient pediatric procedural sedation across different age groups and to assess the incidence of sedation failure. From February 2021 to September 2021, children who underwent procedural sedation were retrospectively enrolled. The children were divided into 4 groups based on age: the infant group (0 to 1 year old), toddler group (1 to 3 years old), preschool group (3 to 6 years old), and school-age group (6 to 12 years old). Two-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam were used for sedation. The sedation success rate after rescue, sedation success rate, onset time of sedation, and the sedation time were recorded. The incidence of adverse events and the risk factors for sedation failure were also analyzed. A total of 4758 patients were identified. After exclusion, 3149 patients were ultimately enrolled. The combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam resulted in a total success rate of 99.7% and a sedation success rate of 91.4%. The sedation success rate varied among the four groups: 90.2% in the infant group, 93.1% in the toddler group, 92.7% in the preschool group, and 78.4% in the school-age group. The sedation success rate was significantly lower in the school-age group compared to the other three groups (
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00431-023-05240-5 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10858144</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2879404548</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-c35d1d947ba7689c0282001e22b558e35d43043e9bac335ca7dbaa3091e2e5493</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU1vFSEYhYnR2Hr1D7gwJG66GeXzDqyMafxKmripa8LAO_fSzMAIjFV_fbneWqsLV0DOcw7vm4PQc0peUUL614UQwWlHGO-IZIJ08gE6pYKzjpJ--_De_QQ9KeWKNJOm6jE64b2SUjN1ipbLPWAYR3AVpxHbHeAUcVrrYmuAWPECPtiag8NLTg78mu2EC_gmN_A61D0OsWYbbWmCh-8zeKhpDj5EwDZ6nA6O9rY_02Tnp-jRaKcCz27PDfry_t3l-cfu4vOHT-dvLzonelk7x6WnXot-sP1WaUeYYoRQYGyQUkFTBW_bgx6s41w62_vBWk50Q0AKzTfozTF3WYc2koPDkJNZcpht_mGSDeZvJYa92aVvhhIlFRWiJZzdJuT0dYVSzRyKg2myEdJaDFO9FkRIoRr68h_0Kq05tv0M062ZXm9bSxvEjpTLqZQM4900lJhDo-bYqGms-dWokc304v4ed5bfFTaAH4HSpLiD_Ofv_8TeALSwrb4</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2924079602</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Zhou, Xiaqing ; Zhao, Jialian ; Tu, Haiya ; Chen, Kunwei ; Hu, Yaoqin ; Jin, Yue</creator><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Xiaqing ; Zhao, Jialian ; Tu, Haiya ; Chen, Kunwei ; Hu, Yaoqin ; Jin, Yue</creatorcontrib><description>Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children. The study aims to analyze the sedative effect and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam in outpatient pediatric procedural sedation across different age groups and to assess the incidence of sedation failure. From February 2021 to September 2021, children who underwent procedural sedation were retrospectively enrolled. The children were divided into 4 groups based on age: the infant group (0 to 1 year old), toddler group (1 to 3 years old), preschool group (3 to 6 years old), and school-age group (6 to 12 years old). Two-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam were used for sedation. The sedation success rate after rescue, sedation success rate, onset time of sedation, and the sedation time were recorded. The incidence of adverse events and the risk factors for sedation failure were also analyzed. A total of 4758 patients were identified. After exclusion, 3149 patients were ultimately enrolled. The combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam resulted in a total success rate of 99.7% and a sedation success rate of 91.4%. The sedation success rate varied among the four groups: 90.2% in the infant group, 93.1% in the toddler group, 92.7% in the preschool group, and 78.4% in the school-age group. The sedation success rate was significantly lower in the school-age group compared to the other three groups (
P
< 0.001). The onset time of sedation was shorter in infant (22 min, IQR: 18–28 min,
P
< 0.001) and longer in the school-age group (30 min, IQR: 25–35 min,
P
< 0.05). Additionally, the infants had a longer sedation time (110 min, IQR: 90–135 min,
P
< 0.001) and a higher rate of delayed recovery (27.5%, all
P
< 0.001). The incidence of adverse events was low (4.70%), which bradycardia (2.03%) being the most common. Age (0–1 year and > 6 years), weight, ASA class II, and history of failed sedation were identified as risk factors of sedation failure.
Conclusion
: Intranasal administration of 2-mcg/kg dexmedetomidine combined with oral administration of 0.5-mg/kg midazolam was found to be efficient and safety for pediatric procedural sedation. Different age groups of children exhibited distinct sedation characteristics, and age was identified as a risk factor affecting the efficacy of sedation.
What is Known:
•
Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children.
•
The combination of dexmedetomidine with midazolam can improve sedative effects.
What is New:
•
The success rate of sedation using a combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam was significantly lower in school-age children as compared to infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.
•
The onset time of sedation increased with age, and the sedation time was found to be longer in infant patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1432-1076</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0340-6199</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1076</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05240-5</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37855928</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Administration, Intranasal ; Adverse events ; Age groups ; Anesthesia ; Babies ; Bradycardia ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Dexmedetomidine - adverse effects ; Drug administration ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infants ; Intranasal administration ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Midazolam ; Oral administration ; Outpatients ; Pediatrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk factors ; Success ; Toddlers</subject><ispartof>European journal of pediatrics, 2024-01, Vol.183 (1), p.169-177</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s).</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-c35d1d947ba7689c0282001e22b558e35d43043e9bac335ca7dbaa3091e2e5493</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-c35d1d947ba7689c0282001e22b558e35d43043e9bac335ca7dbaa3091e2e5493</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00431-023-05240-5$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00431-023-05240-5$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37855928$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Xiaqing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Jialian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tu, Haiya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Kunwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Yaoqin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jin, Yue</creatorcontrib><title>The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam</title><title>European journal of pediatrics</title><addtitle>Eur J Pediatr</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Pediatr</addtitle><description>Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children. The study aims to analyze the sedative effect and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam in outpatient pediatric procedural sedation across different age groups and to assess the incidence of sedation failure. From February 2021 to September 2021, children who underwent procedural sedation were retrospectively enrolled. The children were divided into 4 groups based on age: the infant group (0 to 1 year old), toddler group (1 to 3 years old), preschool group (3 to 6 years old), and school-age group (6 to 12 years old). Two-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam were used for sedation. The sedation success rate after rescue, sedation success rate, onset time of sedation, and the sedation time were recorded. The incidence of adverse events and the risk factors for sedation failure were also analyzed. A total of 4758 patients were identified. After exclusion, 3149 patients were ultimately enrolled. The combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam resulted in a total success rate of 99.7% and a sedation success rate of 91.4%. The sedation success rate varied among the four groups: 90.2% in the infant group, 93.1% in the toddler group, 92.7% in the preschool group, and 78.4% in the school-age group. The sedation success rate was significantly lower in the school-age group compared to the other three groups (
P
< 0.001). The onset time of sedation was shorter in infant (22 min, IQR: 18–28 min,
P
< 0.001) and longer in the school-age group (30 min, IQR: 25–35 min,
P
< 0.05). Additionally, the infants had a longer sedation time (110 min, IQR: 90–135 min,
P
< 0.001) and a higher rate of delayed recovery (27.5%, all
P
< 0.001). The incidence of adverse events was low (4.70%), which bradycardia (2.03%) being the most common. Age (0–1 year and > 6 years), weight, ASA class II, and history of failed sedation were identified as risk factors of sedation failure.
Conclusion
: Intranasal administration of 2-mcg/kg dexmedetomidine combined with oral administration of 0.5-mg/kg midazolam was found to be efficient and safety for pediatric procedural sedation. Different age groups of children exhibited distinct sedation characteristics, and age was identified as a risk factor affecting the efficacy of sedation.
What is Known:
•
Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children.
•
The combination of dexmedetomidine with midazolam can improve sedative effects.
What is New:
•
The success rate of sedation using a combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam was significantly lower in school-age children as compared to infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.
•
The onset time of sedation increased with age, and the sedation time was found to be longer in infant patients.</description><subject>Administration, Intranasal</subject><subject>Adverse events</subject><subject>Age groups</subject><subject>Anesthesia</subject><subject>Babies</subject><subject>Bradycardia</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Dexmedetomidine - adverse effects</subject><subject>Drug administration</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypnotics and Sedatives</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Infants</subject><subject>Intranasal administration</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Midazolam</subject><subject>Oral administration</subject><subject>Outpatients</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Success</subject><subject>Toddlers</subject><issn>1432-1076</issn><issn>0340-6199</issn><issn>1432-1076</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1vFSEYhYnR2Hr1D7gwJG66GeXzDqyMafxKmripa8LAO_fSzMAIjFV_fbneWqsLV0DOcw7vm4PQc0peUUL614UQwWlHGO-IZIJ08gE6pYKzjpJ--_De_QQ9KeWKNJOm6jE64b2SUjN1ipbLPWAYR3AVpxHbHeAUcVrrYmuAWPECPtiag8NLTg78mu2EC_gmN_A61D0OsWYbbWmCh-8zeKhpDj5EwDZ6nA6O9rY_02Tnp-jRaKcCz27PDfry_t3l-cfu4vOHT-dvLzonelk7x6WnXot-sP1WaUeYYoRQYGyQUkFTBW_bgx6s41w62_vBWk50Q0AKzTfozTF3WYc2koPDkJNZcpht_mGSDeZvJYa92aVvhhIlFRWiJZzdJuT0dYVSzRyKg2myEdJaDFO9FkRIoRr68h_0Kq05tv0M062ZXm9bSxvEjpTLqZQM4900lJhDo-bYqGms-dWokc304v4ed5bfFTaAH4HSpLiD_Ofv_8TeALSwrb4</recordid><startdate>20240101</startdate><enddate>20240101</enddate><creator>Zhou, Xiaqing</creator><creator>Zhao, Jialian</creator><creator>Tu, Haiya</creator><creator>Chen, Kunwei</creator><creator>Hu, Yaoqin</creator><creator>Jin, Yue</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240101</creationdate><title>The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam</title><author>Zhou, Xiaqing ; Zhao, Jialian ; Tu, Haiya ; Chen, Kunwei ; Hu, Yaoqin ; Jin, Yue</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-c35d1d947ba7689c0282001e22b558e35d43043e9bac335ca7dbaa3091e2e5493</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Administration, Intranasal</topic><topic>Adverse events</topic><topic>Age groups</topic><topic>Anesthesia</topic><topic>Babies</topic><topic>Bradycardia</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Dexmedetomidine - adverse effects</topic><topic>Drug administration</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypnotics and Sedatives</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Infants</topic><topic>Intranasal administration</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Midazolam</topic><topic>Oral administration</topic><topic>Outpatients</topic><topic>Pediatrics</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Success</topic><topic>Toddlers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Xiaqing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Jialian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tu, Haiya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Kunwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Yaoqin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jin, Yue</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>European journal of pediatrics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhou, Xiaqing</au><au>Zhao, Jialian</au><au>Tu, Haiya</au><au>Chen, Kunwei</au><au>Hu, Yaoqin</au><au>Jin, Yue</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam</atitle><jtitle>European journal of pediatrics</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Pediatr</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Pediatr</addtitle><date>2024-01-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>183</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>169</spage><epage>177</epage><pages>169-177</pages><issn>1432-1076</issn><issn>0340-6199</issn><eissn>1432-1076</eissn><abstract>Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children. The study aims to analyze the sedative effect and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam in outpatient pediatric procedural sedation across different age groups and to assess the incidence of sedation failure. From February 2021 to September 2021, children who underwent procedural sedation were retrospectively enrolled. The children were divided into 4 groups based on age: the infant group (0 to 1 year old), toddler group (1 to 3 years old), preschool group (3 to 6 years old), and school-age group (6 to 12 years old). Two-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam were used for sedation. The sedation success rate after rescue, sedation success rate, onset time of sedation, and the sedation time were recorded. The incidence of adverse events and the risk factors for sedation failure were also analyzed. A total of 4758 patients were identified. After exclusion, 3149 patients were ultimately enrolled. The combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam resulted in a total success rate of 99.7% and a sedation success rate of 91.4%. The sedation success rate varied among the four groups: 90.2% in the infant group, 93.1% in the toddler group, 92.7% in the preschool group, and 78.4% in the school-age group. The sedation success rate was significantly lower in the school-age group compared to the other three groups (
P
< 0.001). The onset time of sedation was shorter in infant (22 min, IQR: 18–28 min,
P
< 0.001) and longer in the school-age group (30 min, IQR: 25–35 min,
P
< 0.05). Additionally, the infants had a longer sedation time (110 min, IQR: 90–135 min,
P
< 0.001) and a higher rate of delayed recovery (27.5%, all
P
< 0.001). The incidence of adverse events was low (4.70%), which bradycardia (2.03%) being the most common. Age (0–1 year and > 6 years), weight, ASA class II, and history of failed sedation were identified as risk factors of sedation failure.
Conclusion
: Intranasal administration of 2-mcg/kg dexmedetomidine combined with oral administration of 0.5-mg/kg midazolam was found to be efficient and safety for pediatric procedural sedation. Different age groups of children exhibited distinct sedation characteristics, and age was identified as a risk factor affecting the efficacy of sedation.
What is Known:
•
Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children.
•
The combination of dexmedetomidine with midazolam can improve sedative effects.
What is New:
•
The success rate of sedation using a combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam was significantly lower in school-age children as compared to infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.
•
The onset time of sedation increased with age, and the sedation time was found to be longer in infant patients.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>37855928</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00431-023-05240-5</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1432-1076 |
| ispartof | European journal of pediatrics, 2024-01, Vol.183 (1), p.169-177 |
| issn | 1432-1076 0340-6199 1432-1076 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10858144 |
| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Administration, Intranasal Adverse events Age groups Anesthesia Babies Bradycardia Child Child, Preschool Children Dexmedetomidine - adverse effects Drug administration Humans Hypnotics and Sedatives Infant Infant, Newborn Infants Intranasal administration Medicine Medicine & Public Health Midazolam Oral administration Outpatients Pediatrics Retrospective Studies Risk factors Success Toddlers |
| title | The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-16T03%3A46%3A06IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20effect%20of%20age%20on%20outpatient%20pediatric%20procedural%20sedation%20with%20intranasal%20dexmedetomidine%20and%20oral%20midazolam&rft.jtitle=European%20journal%20of%20pediatrics&rft.au=Zhou,%20Xiaqing&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=169&rft.epage=177&rft.pages=169-177&rft.issn=1432-1076&rft.eissn=1432-1076&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00431-023-05240-5&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2879404548%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2924079602&rft_id=info:pmid/37855928&rfr_iscdi=true |