The Vicious Cycle of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Clinical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Bases
Today, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and skeletal muscle atrophy (SMA) have become increasingly common occurrences. Whether the onset of T2DM increases the risk of SMA or vice versa has long been under investigation. Both conditions are associated with negative changes in skeletal muscle health, w...
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description | Today, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and skeletal muscle atrophy (SMA) have become increasingly common occurrences. Whether the onset of T2DM increases the risk of SMA or vice versa has long been under investigation. Both conditions are associated with negative changes in skeletal muscle health, which can, in turn, lead to impaired physical function, a lowered quality of life, and an increased risk of mortality. Poor nutrition can exacerbate both T2DM and SMA. T2DM and SMA are linked by a vicious cycle of events that reinforce and worsen each other. Muscle insulin resistance appears to be the pathophysiological link between T2DM and SMA. To explore this association, our review (i) compiles evidence on the clinical association between T2DM and SMA, (ii) reviews mechanisms underlying biochemical changes in the muscles of people with or at risk of T2DM and SMA, and (iii) examines how nutritional therapy and increased physical activity as muscle-targeted treatments benefit this population. Based on the evidence, we conclude that effective treatment of patients with T2DM-SMA depends on the restoration and maintenance of muscle mass. We thus propose that regular intake of key functional nutrients, along with guidance for physical activity, can help maintain euglycemia and improve muscle status in all patients with T2DM and SMA. |
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Whether the onset of T2DM increases the risk of SMA or vice versa has long been under investigation. Both conditions are associated with negative changes in skeletal muscle health, which can, in turn, lead to impaired physical function, a lowered quality of life, and an increased risk of mortality. Poor nutrition can exacerbate both T2DM and SMA. T2DM and SMA are linked by a vicious cycle of events that reinforce and worsen each other. Muscle insulin resistance appears to be the pathophysiological link between T2DM and SMA. To explore this association, our review (i) compiles evidence on the clinical association between T2DM and SMA, (ii) reviews mechanisms underlying biochemical changes in the muscles of people with or at risk of T2DM and SMA, and (iii) examines how nutritional therapy and increased physical activity as muscle-targeted treatments benefit this population. Based on the evidence, we conclude that effective treatment of patients with T2DM-SMA depends on the restoration and maintenance of muscle mass. We thus propose that regular intake of key functional nutrients, along with guidance for physical activity, can help maintain euglycemia and improve muscle status in all patients with T2DM and SMA.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu16010172</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38202001</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Age ; Aging ; Amino acids ; Atrophy ; B cells ; Chronic illnesses ; Development and progression ; Diabetes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Exercise ; Glucose ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Inflammation ; Insulin ; Insulin resistance ; Malnutrition ; Metabolism ; Muscle function ; Muscle strength ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Muscular Atrophy - etiology ; Musculoskeletal system ; Nutrition ; Obesity ; Older people ; Overweight ; Oxidative stress ; Proteins ; Quality of Life ; Review ; Sarcopenia ; Type 2 diabetes</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2024-01, Vol.16 (1), p.172</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Whether the onset of T2DM increases the risk of SMA or vice versa has long been under investigation. Both conditions are associated with negative changes in skeletal muscle health, which can, in turn, lead to impaired physical function, a lowered quality of life, and an increased risk of mortality. Poor nutrition can exacerbate both T2DM and SMA. T2DM and SMA are linked by a vicious cycle of events that reinforce and worsen each other. Muscle insulin resistance appears to be the pathophysiological link between T2DM and SMA. To explore this association, our review (i) compiles evidence on the clinical association between T2DM and SMA, (ii) reviews mechanisms underlying biochemical changes in the muscles of people with or at risk of T2DM and SMA, and (iii) examines how nutritional therapy and increased physical activity as muscle-targeted treatments benefit this population. Based on the evidence, we conclude that effective treatment of patients with T2DM-SMA depends on the restoration and maintenance of muscle mass. We thus propose that regular intake of key functional nutrients, along with guidance for physical activity, can help maintain euglycemia and improve muscle status in all patients with T2DM and SMA.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>38202001</pmid><doi>10.3390/nu16010172</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2127-3190</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-3588</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6163-8532</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-184X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4339-3380</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Age Aging Amino acids Atrophy B cells Chronic illnesses Development and progression Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Exercise Glucose Homeostasis Humans Hyperglycemia Inflammation Insulin Insulin resistance Malnutrition Metabolism Muscle function Muscle strength Muscle, Skeletal Muscles Muscular Atrophy - etiology Musculoskeletal system Nutrition Obesity Older people Overweight Oxidative stress Proteins Quality of Life Review Sarcopenia Type 2 diabetes |
title | The Vicious Cycle of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Clinical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Bases |
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