Rare occurrence of pulmonary coinfection involving Aspergillus fumigatus and Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in immunocompetent patients based on NGS: A case report and literature review

In our search on PubMed, we found that reports of co-infections involving Aspergillus fumigatus and Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in the literature are notably scarce. Most cases have been documented in patients with compromised immune systems or underlying pulmonary conditions. In contrast, our patient did not present with any of these risk factors. Furthermore, there have been no recent incidents such as near-drowning or other accidents in the patient history. To the best of our knowledge, this case represents a hitherto unreported clinical scenario. To enhance comprehension, we conducted a comprehensive literature review by compiling a total of 20 case reports (spanning from 1984 to 2023) on co-infections involving Aspergillus and Nocardia species, retrieved from PubMed. Chest CT revealed the presence of multiple nodules and clustered high-density shadows in both lungs. Bronchoscopy revealed mucosal congestion and edema in the apical segment of the right upper lobe of the lung, along with the presence of 2 spherical polypoid new organisms. The pathological analysis reported severe chronic inflammation with evidence of Aspergillus within the tissue. Next-Generation Sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed the presence of reads corresponding to A fumigatus and N cyriacigeorgica. Positive cultures for A fumigatus and the Nocardia genus were yielded by prolonging the incubation of samples in the microbiology laboratory. Treatment with voriconazole for A fumigatus and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for N cyriacigeorgica infection was given. The patient improved and was discharged. After 6 months of telephone follow-up, the patient reported no clinical symptoms, discontinued the medication on his own. A fumigatus and N cyriacigeorgica can manifest as a co-infection in immunocompetent patients. Clinicians should prioritize the significant advantages and value of NGS in detecting rare and mixed pathogens associated with pulmonary infections.