Filters of automobile air conditioning systems as in-car source of exposure to infections and toxic moulds
The main component of an air conditioning system is air filters. Over time, the filters of an air conditioning system in cars can turn into sources of emission of microbiological hazards. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the presence of infectious and toxic fungi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2023-10, Vol.30 (49), p.108188-108200 |
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| creator | Gołofit-Szymczak, Małgorzata Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata Górny, Rafał L. |
| description | The main component of an air conditioning system is air filters. Over time, the filters of an air conditioning system in cars can turn into sources of emission of microbiological hazards. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the presence of infectious and toxic fungi in the AC filters in passenger cars. The studied non-woven filters were removed from passenger cars during the “winter”/“summer” seasons. The taxonomic identification of the fungi isolated from the filters was performed using both the culture-based and molecular methods. RT-PCR was applied to assess the presence of gene fragments regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis in the isolates obtained from fungal cultures. The average fungal concentrations in the filter samples collected during the summer/winter season were 5.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
and 2.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
, respectively. Most of the filter samples, collected in both the studied seasons, revealed the presence of
Aspergillus
species including
A. fumigatus
,
A. niger
,
A. terreus
and/or
A. flavus
. The recorded levels of fungal contamination of AC filters in passenger cars indicate the necessity for more frequent filter replacement in this type of vehicle. Occupational exposure to moulds and the resulting health problems that may be experienced by professional drivers should be properly recognised in order to undertake effective preventive measures. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-023-29947-y |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10611836</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2869221108</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-ef89ea2bd2ef86b8713607f246a9c9e1c0a995b86a9b1ec40250781c8b1728c83</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kUtv1DAUhS1ERUvhD7CyxIZNwNfJ-LFCqKKAVKmbdm05zs3gUWIPvgnq_Hs8TMVrwcrX937n-HEYewXiLQih3xFAu1GNkG0jre10c3jCLkBB1-jO2qd_1OfsOdFOCCms1M_Yeatrt1P6gu2u47RgIZ5H7tclz7mPE3IfCw85DXGJOcW05XSgBWfinnhMTfCFU15LwKMOH_aZ1oJ8yXU4YjiKKpqG2nmIgc95nQZ6wc5GPxG-fFwv2f31x7urz83N7acvVx9umtBt5NLgaCx62Q-yVqo3Glol9Cg75W2wCEF4aze9qdseMHRCboQ2EEwPWppg2kv2_uS7X_sZh4BpKX5y-xJnXw4u--j-nqT41W3zdwdCAZhWVYc3jw4lf1uRFjdHCjhNPmFeyUmjrJQA4njY63_QXf2XVN9XKSO11RWqlDxRoWSiguOv24BwxyzdKUtXs3Q_s3SHKmpPIqpw2mL5bf0f1Q_IpaL5</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2882797083</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Filters of automobile air conditioning systems as in-car source of exposure to infections and toxic moulds</title><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Gołofit-Szymczak, Małgorzata ; Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina ; Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata ; Górny, Rafał L.</creator><creatorcontrib>Gołofit-Szymczak, Małgorzata ; Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina ; Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata ; Górny, Rafał L.</creatorcontrib><description>The main component of an air conditioning system is air filters. Over time, the filters of an air conditioning system in cars can turn into sources of emission of microbiological hazards. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the presence of infectious and toxic fungi in the AC filters in passenger cars. The studied non-woven filters were removed from passenger cars during the “winter”/“summer” seasons. The taxonomic identification of the fungi isolated from the filters was performed using both the culture-based and molecular methods. RT-PCR was applied to assess the presence of gene fragments regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis in the isolates obtained from fungal cultures. The average fungal concentrations in the filter samples collected during the summer/winter season were 5.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
and 2.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
, respectively. Most of the filter samples, collected in both the studied seasons, revealed the presence of
Aspergillus
species including
A. fumigatus
,
A. niger
,
A. terreus
and/or
A. flavus
. The recorded levels of fungal contamination of AC filters in passenger cars indicate the necessity for more frequent filter replacement in this type of vehicle. Occupational exposure to moulds and the resulting health problems that may be experienced by professional drivers should be properly recognised in order to undertake effective preventive measures.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29947-y</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37749467</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aflatoxins ; Air conditioning ; Air filters ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Biosynthesis ; Contamination ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Emission analysis ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Filters ; Fungi ; Hazard assessment ; Health problems ; Mold ; Occupational exposure ; Occupational health ; Passengers ; Research Article ; Seasons ; Summer ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control ; Winter</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2023-10, Vol.30 (49), p.108188-108200</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-ef89ea2bd2ef86b8713607f246a9c9e1c0a995b86a9b1ec40250781c8b1728c83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-ef89ea2bd2ef86b8713607f246a9c9e1c0a995b86a9b1ec40250781c8b1728c83</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1463-404X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-023-29947-y$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-29947-y$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gołofit-Szymczak, Małgorzata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Górny, Rafał L.</creatorcontrib><title>Filters of automobile air conditioning systems as in-car source of exposure to infections and toxic moulds</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><description>The main component of an air conditioning system is air filters. Over time, the filters of an air conditioning system in cars can turn into sources of emission of microbiological hazards. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the presence of infectious and toxic fungi in the AC filters in passenger cars. The studied non-woven filters were removed from passenger cars during the “winter”/“summer” seasons. The taxonomic identification of the fungi isolated from the filters was performed using both the culture-based and molecular methods. RT-PCR was applied to assess the presence of gene fragments regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis in the isolates obtained from fungal cultures. The average fungal concentrations in the filter samples collected during the summer/winter season were 5.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
and 2.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
, respectively. Most of the filter samples, collected in both the studied seasons, revealed the presence of
Aspergillus
species including
A. fumigatus
,
A. niger
,
A. terreus
and/or
A. flavus
. The recorded levels of fungal contamination of AC filters in passenger cars indicate the necessity for more frequent filter replacement in this type of vehicle. Occupational exposure to moulds and the resulting health problems that may be experienced by professional drivers should be properly recognised in order to undertake effective preventive measures.</description><subject>Aflatoxins</subject><subject>Air conditioning</subject><subject>Air filters</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Emission analysis</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Filters</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>Hazard assessment</subject><subject>Health problems</subject><subject>Mold</subject><subject>Occupational exposure</subject><subject>Occupational health</subject><subject>Passengers</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Summer</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution 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Małgorzata</creator><creator>Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina</creator><creator>Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata</creator><creator>Górny, Rafał L.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature 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of automobile air conditioning systems as in-car source of exposure to infections and toxic moulds</title><author>Gołofit-Szymczak, Małgorzata ; Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina ; Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata ; Górny, Rafał L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-ef89ea2bd2ef86b8713607f246a9c9e1c0a995b86a9b1ec40250781c8b1728c83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Aflatoxins</topic><topic>Air conditioning</topic><topic>Air filters</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Emission analysis</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Filters</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>Hazard 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Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gołofit-Szymczak, Małgorzata</au><au>Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina</au><au>Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata</au><au>Górny, Rafał L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Filters of automobile air conditioning systems as in-car source of exposure to infections and toxic moulds</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><date>2023-10-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>30</volume><issue>49</issue><spage>108188</spage><epage>108200</epage><pages>108188-108200</pages><issn>1614-7499</issn><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>The main component of an air conditioning system is air filters. Over time, the filters of an air conditioning system in cars can turn into sources of emission of microbiological hazards. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the presence of infectious and toxic fungi in the AC filters in passenger cars. The studied non-woven filters were removed from passenger cars during the “winter”/“summer” seasons. The taxonomic identification of the fungi isolated from the filters was performed using both the culture-based and molecular methods. RT-PCR was applied to assess the presence of gene fragments regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis in the isolates obtained from fungal cultures. The average fungal concentrations in the filter samples collected during the summer/winter season were 5.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
and 2.4 × 10
4
cfu/m
2
, respectively. Most of the filter samples, collected in both the studied seasons, revealed the presence of
Aspergillus
species including
A. fumigatus
,
A. niger
,
A. terreus
and/or
A. flavus
. The recorded levels of fungal contamination of AC filters in passenger cars indicate the necessity for more frequent filter replacement in this type of vehicle. Occupational exposure to moulds and the resulting health problems that may be experienced by professional drivers should be properly recognised in order to undertake effective preventive measures.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>37749467</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-023-29947-y</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-404X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
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| source | SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Aflatoxins Air conditioning Air filters Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Biosynthesis Contamination Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Emission analysis Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Filters Fungi Hazard assessment Health problems Mold Occupational exposure Occupational health Passengers Research Article Seasons Summer Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control Winter |
| title | Filters of automobile air conditioning systems as in-car source of exposure to infections and toxic moulds |
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