Examining the Optimal Placement of Cooling Centers to Serve Populations at High Risk of Extreme Heat Exposure in 81 US Cities
Objective: Although extreme heat can impact the health of anyone, certain groups are disproportionately affected. In urban settings, cooling centers are intended to reduce heat exposure by providing air-conditioned spaces to the public. We examined the characteristics of populations living near cool...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Public health reports (1974) 2023-11, Vol.138 (6), p.955-962 |
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| creator | Adams, Quinn H. Chan, Elana M.G. Spangler, Keith R. Weinberger, Kate R. Lane, Kevin J. Errett, Nicole A. Hess, Jeremy J. Sun, Yuantong Wellenius, Gregory A. Nori-Sarma, Amruta |
| description | Objective:
Although extreme heat can impact the health of anyone, certain groups are disproportionately affected. In urban settings, cooling centers are intended to reduce heat exposure by providing air-conditioned spaces to the public. We examined the characteristics of populations living near cooling centers and how well they serve areas with high social vulnerability.
Methods:
We identified 1402 cooling centers in 81 US cities from publicly available sources and analyzed markers of urban heat and social vulnerability in relation to their locations. Within each city, we developed cooling center access areas, defined as the geographic area within a 0.5-mile walk from a center, and compared sociodemographic characteristics of populations living within versus outside the access areas. We analyzed results by city and geographic region to evaluate climate-relevant regional differences.
Results:
Access to cooling centers differed among cities, ranging from 0.01% (Atlanta, Georgia) to 63.2% (Washington, DC) of the population living within an access area. On average, cooling centers were in areas that had higher levels of social vulnerability, as measured by the number of people living in urban heat islands, annual household income below poverty, racial and ethnic minority status, low educational attainment, and high unemployment rate. However, access areas were less inclusive of adult populations aged ≥65 years than among populations aged |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/00333549221148174 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10576472</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sage_id>10.1177_00333549221148174</sage_id><sourcerecordid>2876875236</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-a3c8be52fe04bfe7508be93eca0a3de6937a37d7b7f307cd048080a1d719dff03</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kU1P3DAQhq2qqGxpfwAXZKkXLgF_JfaeUBUt3UpIID7OljeZ7JomcbAdtBz63-toKW2p8MUazTPvzKsXoUNKTiiV8pQQznku5oxRKhSV4h2aUVGojCkp36PZ1M8mYB99DOGepMco_4D2eSFZwYmaoZ-Lrelsb_s1jhvAl0O0nWnxVWsq6KCP2DW4dK6dgDLV4AOODt-AfwR85YaxNdG6PmAT8dKuN_jahh_T0GIbfVLAS0idxXZwYfSAbY8VxXc3uLTRQviE9hrTBvj8_B-gu_PFbbnMLi6_fS-_XmSVYCJmhldqBTlrgIhVAzInqZxzqAwxvIZizqXhspYr2XAiq5oIRRQxtJZ0XjcN4QfobKc7jKsO6ioZ8abVg09m_ZN2xup_O73d6LV71JTkshCSJYXjZwXvHkYIUXc2VNC2pgc3Bs1k2iVIQXlCv7xC793o--RPp1wKJXPGi0TRHVV5F4KH5uUaSvSUrv4v3TRz9LeNl4nfcSbgZAcEs4Y_a99W_AUHy60r</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2876875236</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Examining the Optimal Placement of Cooling Centers to Serve Populations at High Risk of Extreme Heat Exposure in 81 US Cities</title><source>Access via SAGE</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>PAIS Index</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Adams, Quinn H. ; Chan, Elana M.G. ; Spangler, Keith R. ; Weinberger, Kate R. ; Lane, Kevin J. ; Errett, Nicole A. ; Hess, Jeremy J. ; Sun, Yuantong ; Wellenius, Gregory A. ; Nori-Sarma, Amruta</creator><creatorcontrib>Adams, Quinn H. ; Chan, Elana M.G. ; Spangler, Keith R. ; Weinberger, Kate R. ; Lane, Kevin J. ; Errett, Nicole A. ; Hess, Jeremy J. ; Sun, Yuantong ; Wellenius, Gregory A. ; Nori-Sarma, Amruta</creatorcontrib><description>Objective:
Although extreme heat can impact the health of anyone, certain groups are disproportionately affected. In urban settings, cooling centers are intended to reduce heat exposure by providing air-conditioned spaces to the public. We examined the characteristics of populations living near cooling centers and how well they serve areas with high social vulnerability.
Methods:
We identified 1402 cooling centers in 81 US cities from publicly available sources and analyzed markers of urban heat and social vulnerability in relation to their locations. Within each city, we developed cooling center access areas, defined as the geographic area within a 0.5-mile walk from a center, and compared sociodemographic characteristics of populations living within versus outside the access areas. We analyzed results by city and geographic region to evaluate climate-relevant regional differences.
Results:
Access to cooling centers differed among cities, ranging from 0.01% (Atlanta, Georgia) to 63.2% (Washington, DC) of the population living within an access area. On average, cooling centers were in areas that had higher levels of social vulnerability, as measured by the number of people living in urban heat islands, annual household income below poverty, racial and ethnic minority status, low educational attainment, and high unemployment rate. However, access areas were less inclusive of adult populations aged ≥65 years than among populations aged <65 years.
Conclusion:
Given the large percentage of individuals without access to cooling centers and the anticipated increase in frequency and severity of extreme heat events, the current distribution of centers in the urban areas that we examined may be insufficient to protect individuals from the adverse health effects of extreme heat, particularly in the absence of additional measures to reduce risk.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0033-3549</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1468-2877</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-2877</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/00333549221148174</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36726308</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject>Access ; Adult ; Air conditioners ; Cities ; Cities - epidemiology ; Cooling ; Current distribution ; Educational attainment ; Ethnicity ; Extreme heat ; Extreme Heat - adverse effects ; Health risks ; Heat ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Minority Groups ; Populations ; Poverty ; Regional differences ; Risk management ; Risk reduction ; Unemployment ; Urban areas ; Urban environments ; Urban heat islands</subject><ispartof>Public health reports (1974), 2023-11, Vol.138 (6), p.955-962</ispartof><rights>2023, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health</rights><rights>2023, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health 2023 US Surgeon General’s Office</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-a3c8be52fe04bfe7508be93eca0a3de6937a37d7b7f307cd048080a1d719dff03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-a3c8be52fe04bfe7508be93eca0a3de6937a37d7b7f307cd048080a1d719dff03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7238-6833 ; 0000-0002-8904-7280 ; 0000-0001-7553-4777 ; 0000-0002-8247-8336</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10576472/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10576472/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,21819,27866,27924,27925,43621,43622,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36726308$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Adams, Quinn H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Elana M.G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spangler, Keith R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weinberger, Kate R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lane, Kevin J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Errett, Nicole A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hess, Jeremy J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Yuantong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wellenius, Gregory A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nori-Sarma, Amruta</creatorcontrib><title>Examining the Optimal Placement of Cooling Centers to Serve Populations at High Risk of Extreme Heat Exposure in 81 US Cities</title><title>Public health reports (1974)</title><addtitle>Public Health Rep</addtitle><description>Objective:
Although extreme heat can impact the health of anyone, certain groups are disproportionately affected. In urban settings, cooling centers are intended to reduce heat exposure by providing air-conditioned spaces to the public. We examined the characteristics of populations living near cooling centers and how well they serve areas with high social vulnerability.
Methods:
We identified 1402 cooling centers in 81 US cities from publicly available sources and analyzed markers of urban heat and social vulnerability in relation to their locations. Within each city, we developed cooling center access areas, defined as the geographic area within a 0.5-mile walk from a center, and compared sociodemographic characteristics of populations living within versus outside the access areas. We analyzed results by city and geographic region to evaluate climate-relevant regional differences.
Results:
Access to cooling centers differed among cities, ranging from 0.01% (Atlanta, Georgia) to 63.2% (Washington, DC) of the population living within an access area. On average, cooling centers were in areas that had higher levels of social vulnerability, as measured by the number of people living in urban heat islands, annual household income below poverty, racial and ethnic minority status, low educational attainment, and high unemployment rate. However, access areas were less inclusive of adult populations aged ≥65 years than among populations aged <65 years.
Conclusion:
Given the large percentage of individuals without access to cooling centers and the anticipated increase in frequency and severity of extreme heat events, the current distribution of centers in the urban areas that we examined may be insufficient to protect individuals from the adverse health effects of extreme heat, particularly in the absence of additional measures to reduce risk.</description><subject>Access</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Air conditioners</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Cities - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cooling</subject><subject>Current distribution</subject><subject>Educational attainment</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Extreme heat</subject><subject>Extreme Heat - adverse effects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Heat</subject><subject>Hot Temperature</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Minority Groups</subject><subject>Populations</subject><subject>Poverty</subject><subject>Regional differences</subject><subject>Risk management</subject><subject>Risk reduction</subject><subject>Unemployment</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Urban environments</subject><subject>Urban heat islands</subject><issn>0033-3549</issn><issn>1468-2877</issn><issn>1468-2877</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kU1P3DAQhq2qqGxpfwAXZKkXLgF_JfaeUBUt3UpIID7OljeZ7JomcbAdtBz63-toKW2p8MUazTPvzKsXoUNKTiiV8pQQznku5oxRKhSV4h2aUVGojCkp36PZ1M8mYB99DOGepMco_4D2eSFZwYmaoZ-Lrelsb_s1jhvAl0O0nWnxVWsq6KCP2DW4dK6dgDLV4AOODt-AfwR85YaxNdG6PmAT8dKuN_jahh_T0GIbfVLAS0idxXZwYfSAbY8VxXc3uLTRQviE9hrTBvj8_B-gu_PFbbnMLi6_fS-_XmSVYCJmhldqBTlrgIhVAzInqZxzqAwxvIZizqXhspYr2XAiq5oIRRQxtJZ0XjcN4QfobKc7jKsO6ioZ8abVg09m_ZN2xup_O73d6LV71JTkshCSJYXjZwXvHkYIUXc2VNC2pgc3Bs1k2iVIQXlCv7xC793o--RPp1wKJXPGi0TRHVV5F4KH5uUaSvSUrv4v3TRz9LeNl4nfcSbgZAcEs4Y_a99W_AUHy60r</recordid><startdate>20231101</startdate><enddate>20231101</enddate><creator>Adams, Quinn H.</creator><creator>Chan, Elana M.G.</creator><creator>Spangler, Keith R.</creator><creator>Weinberger, Kate R.</creator><creator>Lane, Kevin J.</creator><creator>Errett, Nicole A.</creator><creator>Hess, Jeremy J.</creator><creator>Sun, Yuantong</creator><creator>Wellenius, Gregory A.</creator><creator>Nori-Sarma, Amruta</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-6833</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8904-7280</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-4777</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-8336</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231101</creationdate><title>Examining the Optimal Placement of Cooling Centers to Serve Populations at High Risk of Extreme Heat Exposure in 81 US Cities</title><author>Adams, Quinn H. ; Chan, Elana M.G. ; Spangler, Keith R. ; Weinberger, Kate R. ; Lane, Kevin J. ; Errett, Nicole A. ; Hess, Jeremy J. ; Sun, Yuantong ; Wellenius, Gregory A. ; Nori-Sarma, Amruta</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-a3c8be52fe04bfe7508be93eca0a3de6937a37d7b7f307cd048080a1d719dff03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Access</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Air conditioners</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Cities - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cooling</topic><topic>Current distribution</topic><topic>Educational attainment</topic><topic>Ethnicity</topic><topic>Extreme heat</topic><topic>Extreme Heat - adverse effects</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Heat</topic><topic>Hot Temperature</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Minority & ethnic groups</topic><topic>Minority Groups</topic><topic>Populations</topic><topic>Poverty</topic><topic>Regional differences</topic><topic>Risk management</topic><topic>Risk reduction</topic><topic>Unemployment</topic><topic>Urban areas</topic><topic>Urban environments</topic><topic>Urban heat islands</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Adams, Quinn H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Elana M.G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spangler, Keith R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weinberger, Kate R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lane, Kevin J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Errett, Nicole A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hess, Jeremy J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Yuantong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wellenius, Gregory A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nori-Sarma, Amruta</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PAIS Index</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>PAIS International</collection><collection>PAIS International (Ovid)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Public health reports (1974)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Adams, Quinn H.</au><au>Chan, Elana M.G.</au><au>Spangler, Keith R.</au><au>Weinberger, Kate R.</au><au>Lane, Kevin J.</au><au>Errett, Nicole A.</au><au>Hess, Jeremy J.</au><au>Sun, Yuantong</au><au>Wellenius, Gregory A.</au><au>Nori-Sarma, Amruta</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Examining the Optimal Placement of Cooling Centers to Serve Populations at High Risk of Extreme Heat Exposure in 81 US Cities</atitle><jtitle>Public health reports (1974)</jtitle><addtitle>Public Health Rep</addtitle><date>2023-11-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>138</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>955</spage><epage>962</epage><pages>955-962</pages><issn>0033-3549</issn><issn>1468-2877</issn><eissn>1468-2877</eissn><abstract>Objective:
Although extreme heat can impact the health of anyone, certain groups are disproportionately affected. In urban settings, cooling centers are intended to reduce heat exposure by providing air-conditioned spaces to the public. We examined the characteristics of populations living near cooling centers and how well they serve areas with high social vulnerability.
Methods:
We identified 1402 cooling centers in 81 US cities from publicly available sources and analyzed markers of urban heat and social vulnerability in relation to their locations. Within each city, we developed cooling center access areas, defined as the geographic area within a 0.5-mile walk from a center, and compared sociodemographic characteristics of populations living within versus outside the access areas. We analyzed results by city and geographic region to evaluate climate-relevant regional differences.
Results:
Access to cooling centers differed among cities, ranging from 0.01% (Atlanta, Georgia) to 63.2% (Washington, DC) of the population living within an access area. On average, cooling centers were in areas that had higher levels of social vulnerability, as measured by the number of people living in urban heat islands, annual household income below poverty, racial and ethnic minority status, low educational attainment, and high unemployment rate. However, access areas were less inclusive of adult populations aged ≥65 years than among populations aged <65 years.
Conclusion:
Given the large percentage of individuals without access to cooling centers and the anticipated increase in frequency and severity of extreme heat events, the current distribution of centers in the urban areas that we examined may be insufficient to protect individuals from the adverse health effects of extreme heat, particularly in the absence of additional measures to reduce risk.</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>SAGE Publications</pub><pmid>36726308</pmid><doi>10.1177/00333549221148174</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-6833</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8904-7280</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-4777</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-8336</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0033-3549 |
| ispartof | Public health reports (1974), 2023-11, Vol.138 (6), p.955-962 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | Access via SAGE; MEDLINE; PAIS Index; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Access Adult Air conditioners Cities Cities - epidemiology Cooling Current distribution Educational attainment Ethnicity Extreme heat Extreme Heat - adverse effects Health risks Heat Hot Temperature Humans Minority & ethnic groups Minority Groups Populations Poverty Regional differences Risk management Risk reduction Unemployment Urban areas Urban environments Urban heat islands |
| title | Examining the Optimal Placement of Cooling Centers to Serve Populations at High Risk of Extreme Heat Exposure in 81 US Cities |
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