Nutritional Status and Sleep Quality Are Associated with Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Results from Tokyo Sleep Heart Study

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has been observed to be much higher than in control participants without AF. Limited data exist regarding the prevalence of AF in patients with OSA. The clinical characteristics, nutritional status, and sleep parameters associated with AF in patients with OSA remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with AF in patients with OSA from a large Japanese sleep cohort (Tokyo Sleep Heart Study). This was a single-center explorative cross-sectional study. Between November 2004 and June 2018, we consecutively recruited 2569 patients with OSA who underwent an overnight full polysomnography at our hospital. They were assessed using a 12-lead ECG and echocardiography. The clinical characteristics, sleep parameters, and medical history were also determined. Of the OSA patients, 169 (6.6%) had AF. Compared with the non-AF patients, OSA patients with AF were older and male, and they had higher prevalence of a history of alcohol consumption, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and undernutrition, as well as a reduced ejection fraction. With regard to the sleep study parameters, OSA patients with AF had reduced slow-wave sleep and sleep efficiency, as well as higher periodic limb movements. There were no significant differences in the apnea–hypopnea index or hypoxia index between the two groups. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age (OR = 4.020; 95% CI: 1.895–8.527; p < 0.001), a history of alcohol consumption (OR = 2.718; 95% CI: 1.461–5.057; p = 0.002), a high CONUT score (OR = 2.129; 95% CI: 1.077–4.209; p = 0.030), and reduced slow-wave sleep (OR = 5.361; 95% CI: 1.505–19.104; p = 0.010) were factors significantly related to AF. The prevalence of AF in patients with OSA was 6.6%. Age, a history of alcohol consumption, undernutrition, and reduced sleep quality were independent risk factors for the presence of AF in patients with OSA, regardless of the severity of OSA.