A Diet Pattern Characterized by Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Lower Decision-Making Performance in the Iowa Gambling Task, Elevated Stress Exposure, and Altered Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Men and Women
The executive brain mediates and facilitates a set of cognitive functions, such as decision making, planning, self-regulation, emotional regulation, and attention. Executive dysfunction and related diseases are a rising public health concern. Evidence supports a link between nutritional factors and...
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description | The executive brain mediates and facilitates a set of cognitive functions, such as decision making, planning, self-regulation, emotional regulation, and attention. Executive dysfunction and related diseases are a rising public health concern. Evidence supports a link between nutritional factors and executive function (EF), but relatively little information exists about the relationship between diet patterns and this higher order cognitive ability. We and others have reported on the relationships between body weight regulation and affective decision making, as measured by performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). However, little is known about the relationships between performance in this decision-making task and whole diet patterns. In this study, we tested whether data-derived diet patterns based on energy-adjusted food intake data from the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire were associated with decision-making performance in the IGT. Secondarily, we examined the influence of these diet patterns on self-reported chronic stress exposure and heart rate variability, which is a marker of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. In prior studies, stress and ANS activity were shown to influence decision-making performance in the IGT. In this study, five distinct diet patterns were identified by cluster and factor analyses. A diet pattern best characterized by elevated sugar-sweetened beverage and added sugar consumption was associated with the lowest decision-making performance (p = 0.0049) and higher stress exposure (p = 0.0097). This same diet pattern was associated (p = 0.0374) with an IGT-affiliated decline in high-frequency HRV and an increase in low-frequency HRV, suggesting diet-induced ANS regulatory shifts in response to performing the EF task. Compared to the sugar-sweetened beverage diet pattern, diet patterns defined by more fruits/vegetables and low red meat (p = 0.0048) or higher omega-3 fatty acids and seafood (p = 0.0029) consumption were associated with lower chronic stress exposure. All outcomes were statistically adjusted for differences in BMI, age, sex, education level, and sensorimotor ability. Our findings provide new information that further supports the potential importance of whole diet patterns on cognitive disease prevention. |
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In prior studies, stress and ANS activity were shown to influence decision-making performance in the IGT. In this study, five distinct diet patterns were identified by cluster and factor analyses. A diet pattern best characterized by elevated sugar-sweetened beverage and added sugar consumption was associated with the lowest decision-making performance (p = 0.0049) and higher stress exposure (p = 0.0097). This same diet pattern was associated (p = 0.0374) with an IGT-affiliated decline in high-frequency HRV and an increase in low-frequency HRV, suggesting diet-induced ANS regulatory shifts in response to performing the EF task. Compared to the sugar-sweetened beverage diet pattern, diet patterns defined by more fruits/vegetables and low red meat (p = 0.0048) or higher omega-3 fatty acids and seafood (p = 0.0029) consumption were associated with lower chronic stress exposure. All outcomes were statistically adjusted for differences in BMI, age, sex, education level, and sensorimotor ability. Our findings provide new information that further supports the potential importance of whole diet patterns on cognitive disease prevention.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu15183930</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37764714</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Beverages ; Body weight ; Brain research ; Decision making ; Diet ; Electrodes ; Epidemiology ; Evaluation ; Executive function ; Fatty acids ; Food habits ; Gambling ; Heart beat ; Heart rate ; Nervous system ; Nutrition research ; Omega-3 fatty acids ; Overweight ; Questionnaires ; Stress (Psychology) ; Sugar ; Women</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2023-09, Vol.15 (18), p.3930</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-9ccc4acabeafb0ed3c241a0c0dfc8843704e8a4d9b32562879fc50c79e69c31d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2775-0728</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10534505/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10534505/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27903,27904,53769,53771</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Laugero, Kevin D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keim, Nancy L</creatorcontrib><title>A Diet Pattern Characterized by Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Lower Decision-Making Performance in the Iowa Gambling Task, Elevated Stress Exposure, and Altered Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Men and Women</title><title>Nutrients</title><description>The executive brain mediates and facilitates a set of cognitive functions, such as decision making, planning, self-regulation, emotional regulation, and attention. 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In prior studies, stress and ANS activity were shown to influence decision-making performance in the IGT. In this study, five distinct diet patterns were identified by cluster and factor analyses. A diet pattern best characterized by elevated sugar-sweetened beverage and added sugar consumption was associated with the lowest decision-making performance (p = 0.0049) and higher stress exposure (p = 0.0097). This same diet pattern was associated (p = 0.0374) with an IGT-affiliated decline in high-frequency HRV and an increase in low-frequency HRV, suggesting diet-induced ANS regulatory shifts in response to performing the EF task. Compared to the sugar-sweetened beverage diet pattern, diet patterns defined by more fruits/vegetables and low red meat (p = 0.0048) or higher omega-3 fatty acids and seafood (p = 0.0029) consumption were associated with lower chronic stress exposure. All outcomes were statistically adjusted for differences in BMI, age, sex, education level, and sensorimotor ability. Our findings provide new information that further supports the potential importance of whole diet patterns on cognitive disease prevention.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Beverages</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Decision making</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Executive function</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Food habits</subject><subject>Gambling</subject><subject>Heart beat</subject><subject>Heart rate</subject><subject>Nervous system</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Omega-3 fatty acids</subject><subject>Overweight</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Stress (Psychology)</subject><subject>Sugar</subject><subject>Women</subject><issn>2072-6643</issn><issn>2072-6643</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNptklFv0zAQxyMEYlPZC5_AEi8ILcOOnTh5QqErY1IHEx3i0XKcS-stsYvttJTPywfB3SbGELZkn-5-9787y0nykuATSiv81owkJyWtKH6SHGaYZ2lRMPr0L_sgOfL-Gu8Xx7ygz5MDynnBOGGHya8anWoI6FKGAM6g6Uo6qaKpf0KLmh1ajEvp0sUWIICJrvewASeX4NG5R7X3VmkZon-rwwrN7RYcOgWlvbYmvZA32izRJbjOukEaBUgbFFaAzu1WojM5NP0euJL-5hjNetjcSi2CA-_R7Mfa-tHBMZKmRXUfm4rBegzW2EEr9Ancxo4eLXY-wIC-QOxbb3TY7YtcgLlN-2YHMC-SZ53sPRzd35Pk64fZ1fRjOv98dj6t56liBIe0UkoxqWQDsmswtFRljEiscNupsmSUYwalZG3V0CwvspJXncqx4hUUlaKkpZPk3Z3uemwGaBWY4GQv1k4P0u2ElVo8jhi9Eku7EQTnlOXxmCSv7xWc_T6CD2LQXkHfSwNxVhGLYkIrVrGIvvoHvbajM3G-SBUV4yXn2QO1lD0IbTobC6u9qKg5JyUhRU4idfIfKu4W4ktbA52O_kcJb-4SlLPeO-j-DEmw2P9L8fAv6W8RItbb</recordid><startdate>20230901</startdate><enddate>20230901</enddate><creator>Laugero, Kevin D</creator><creator>Keim, Nancy L</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-0728</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230901</creationdate><title>A Diet Pattern Characterized by Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Lower Decision-Making Performance in the Iowa Gambling Task, Elevated Stress Exposure, and Altered Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Men and Women</title><author>Laugero, Kevin D ; Keim, Nancy L</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-9ccc4acabeafb0ed3c241a0c0dfc8843704e8a4d9b32562879fc50c79e69c31d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Beverages</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Decision making</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Executive function</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Food habits</topic><topic>Gambling</topic><topic>Heart beat</topic><topic>Heart rate</topic><topic>Nervous system</topic><topic>Nutrition research</topic><topic>Omega-3 fatty acids</topic><topic>Overweight</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Stress (Psychology)</topic><topic>Sugar</topic><topic>Women</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Laugero, Kevin D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keim, Nancy L</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Laugero, Kevin D</au><au>Keim, Nancy L</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A Diet Pattern Characterized by Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Lower Decision-Making Performance in the Iowa Gambling Task, Elevated Stress Exposure, and Altered Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Men and Women</atitle><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle><date>2023-09-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>18</issue><spage>3930</spage><pages>3930-</pages><issn>2072-6643</issn><eissn>2072-6643</eissn><abstract>The executive brain mediates and facilitates a set of cognitive functions, such as decision making, planning, self-regulation, emotional regulation, and attention. Executive dysfunction and related diseases are a rising public health concern. Evidence supports a link between nutritional factors and executive function (EF), but relatively little information exists about the relationship between diet patterns and this higher order cognitive ability. We and others have reported on the relationships between body weight regulation and affective decision making, as measured by performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). However, little is known about the relationships between performance in this decision-making task and whole diet patterns. In this study, we tested whether data-derived diet patterns based on energy-adjusted food intake data from the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire were associated with decision-making performance in the IGT. Secondarily, we examined the influence of these diet patterns on self-reported chronic stress exposure and heart rate variability, which is a marker of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. In prior studies, stress and ANS activity were shown to influence decision-making performance in the IGT. In this study, five distinct diet patterns were identified by cluster and factor analyses. A diet pattern best characterized by elevated sugar-sweetened beverage and added sugar consumption was associated with the lowest decision-making performance (p = 0.0049) and higher stress exposure (p = 0.0097). This same diet pattern was associated (p = 0.0374) with an IGT-affiliated decline in high-frequency HRV and an increase in low-frequency HRV, suggesting diet-induced ANS regulatory shifts in response to performing the EF task. Compared to the sugar-sweetened beverage diet pattern, diet patterns defined by more fruits/vegetables and low red meat (p = 0.0048) or higher omega-3 fatty acids and seafood (p = 0.0029) consumption were associated with lower chronic stress exposure. All outcomes were statistically adjusted for differences in BMI, age, sex, education level, and sensorimotor ability. Our findings provide new information that further supports the potential importance of whole diet patterns on cognitive disease prevention.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>37764714</pmid><doi>10.3390/nu15183930</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-0728</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Analysis Beverages Body weight Brain research Decision making Diet Electrodes Epidemiology Evaluation Executive function Fatty acids Food habits Gambling Heart beat Heart rate Nervous system Nutrition research Omega-3 fatty acids Overweight Questionnaires Stress (Psychology) Sugar Women |
title | A Diet Pattern Characterized by Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Lower Decision-Making Performance in the Iowa Gambling Task, Elevated Stress Exposure, and Altered Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Men and Women |
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