Air pollution and suicide in rural and urban America: Evidence from wildfire smoke
Air pollution poses well-established risks to physical health, but little is known about its effects on mental health. We study the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and suicide risk in the United States in 2007 to 2019 using data on all deaths by suicide and satellite-based measures of w...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2023-09, Vol.120 (38), p.e2221621120-e2221621120 |
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creator | Molitor, David Mullins, Jamie T White, Corey |
description | Air pollution poses well-established risks to physical health, but little is known about its effects on mental health. We study the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and suicide risk in the United States in 2007 to 2019 using data on all deaths by suicide and satellite-based measures of wildfire smoke and ambient fine particulate matter (PM
) concentrations. We identify the causal effects of wildfire smoke pollution on suicide by relating year-over-year fluctuations in county-level monthly smoke exposure to fluctuations in suicide rates and compare the effects across local areas and demographic groups that differ considerably in their baseline suicide risk. In rural counties, an additional day of smoke increases monthly mean PM
by 0.41 μg/m
and suicide deaths by 0.11 per million residents, such that a 1-μg/m
(13%) increase in monthly wildfire-derived fine particulate matter leads to 0.27 additional suicide deaths per million residents (a 2.0% increase). These effects are concentrated among demographic groups with both high baseline suicide risk and high exposure to outdoor air: men, working-age adults, non-Hispanic Whites, and adults with no college education. By contrast, we find no evidence that smoke pollution increases suicide risk among any urban demographic group. This study provides large-scale evidence that air pollution elevates the risk of suicide, disproportionately so among rural populations. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1073/pnas.2221621120 |
format | Article |
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) concentrations. We identify the causal effects of wildfire smoke pollution on suicide by relating year-over-year fluctuations in county-level monthly smoke exposure to fluctuations in suicide rates and compare the effects across local areas and demographic groups that differ considerably in their baseline suicide risk. In rural counties, an additional day of smoke increases monthly mean PM
by 0.41 μg/m
and suicide deaths by 0.11 per million residents, such that a 1-μg/m
(13%) increase in monthly wildfire-derived fine particulate matter leads to 0.27 additional suicide deaths per million residents (a 2.0% increase). These effects are concentrated among demographic groups with both high baseline suicide risk and high exposure to outdoor air: men, working-age adults, non-Hispanic Whites, and adults with no college education. By contrast, we find no evidence that smoke pollution increases suicide risk among any urban demographic group. This study provides large-scale evidence that air pollution elevates the risk of suicide, disproportionately so among rural populations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0027-8424</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1091-6490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221621120</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37695917</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Academy of Sciences</publisher><subject>Adult ; Adults ; Air pollution ; Air Pollution - adverse effects ; Demographics ; Demography ; Exposure ; Fatalities ; Fluctuations ; Health risks ; Humans ; Male ; Particulate emissions ; Particulate matter ; Particulate Matter - adverse effects ; Risk ; Rural Population ; Rural populations ; Smoke ; Smoke - adverse effects ; Social Sciences ; Suicide ; Suicides & suicide attempts ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Wildfires</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2023-09, Vol.120 (38), p.e2221621120-e2221621120</ispartof><rights>Copyright National Academy of Sciences Sep 19, 2023</rights><rights>Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-9564b50c27cb3ac5ba0cba902ae8f574bac1df2a174172078c947b5cac90ec0e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-9564b50c27cb3ac5ba0cba902ae8f574bac1df2a174172078c947b5cac90ec0e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6827-760X ; 0000-0002-8568-2842 ; 0009-0006-5320-5597</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515164/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515164/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37695917$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Molitor, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mullins, Jamie T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>White, Corey</creatorcontrib><title>Air pollution and suicide in rural and urban America: Evidence from wildfire smoke</title><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</title><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><description>Air pollution poses well-established risks to physical health, but little is known about its effects on mental health. We study the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and suicide risk in the United States in 2007 to 2019 using data on all deaths by suicide and satellite-based measures of wildfire smoke and ambient fine particulate matter (PM
) concentrations. We identify the causal effects of wildfire smoke pollution on suicide by relating year-over-year fluctuations in county-level monthly smoke exposure to fluctuations in suicide rates and compare the effects across local areas and demographic groups that differ considerably in their baseline suicide risk. In rural counties, an additional day of smoke increases monthly mean PM
by 0.41 μg/m
and suicide deaths by 0.11 per million residents, such that a 1-μg/m
(13%) increase in monthly wildfire-derived fine particulate matter leads to 0.27 additional suicide deaths per million residents (a 2.0% increase). These effects are concentrated among demographic groups with both high baseline suicide risk and high exposure to outdoor air: men, working-age adults, non-Hispanic Whites, and adults with no college education. By contrast, we find no evidence that smoke pollution increases suicide risk among any urban demographic group. This study provides large-scale evidence that air pollution elevates the risk of suicide, disproportionately so among rural populations.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Air Pollution - adverse effects</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Fatalities</subject><subject>Fluctuations</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Particulate emissions</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - adverse effects</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Rural Population</subject><subject>Rural populations</subject><subject>Smoke</subject><subject>Smoke - adverse effects</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Suicide</subject><subject>Suicides & suicide attempts</subject><subject>Tobacco Smoke Pollution</subject><subject>Wildfires</subject><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkctLxDAQxoMouj7O3iTgxUt3J2nSNF5kEV-wIIieQ5qmGm2TNdkq_vd2fayP08DMbz7mmw-hfQJjAiKfzL1OY0opKSghFNbQiIAkWcEkrKMRABVZySjbQtspPQKA5CVsoq1cFJJLIkboZuoinoe27RcueKx9jVPvjKstdh7HPur2o9nHSns87Wx0Rh_js5eB8MbiJoYOv7q2bly0OHXhye6ijUa3ye591R10d352e3qZza4vrk6ns8wwzheZ5AWrOBgqTJVrwysNptISqLZlwwWrtCF1QzURjAgKojSSiYobbSRYAzbfQSefuvO-6mxtrF8M16p5dJ2Obypop_5OvHtQ9-FFEeCEk4INCkdfCjE89zYtVOeSsW2rvQ19UrQsGOGCwxI9_Ic-hj76wd-SKqkshp8P1OSTMjGkFG2zuoaAWgamloGpn8CGjYPfJlb8d0L5O96ykmQ</recordid><startdate>20230919</startdate><enddate>20230919</enddate><creator>Molitor, David</creator><creator>Mullins, Jamie T</creator><creator>White, Corey</creator><general>National Academy of Sciences</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-760X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8568-2842</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5320-5597</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230919</creationdate><title>Air pollution and suicide in rural and urban America: Evidence from wildfire smoke</title><author>Molitor, David ; Mullins, Jamie T ; White, Corey</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-9564b50c27cb3ac5ba0cba902ae8f574bac1df2a174172078c947b5cac90ec0e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Air pollution</topic><topic>Air Pollution - adverse effects</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Fatalities</topic><topic>Fluctuations</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Particulate emissions</topic><topic>Particulate matter</topic><topic>Particulate Matter - adverse effects</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Rural Population</topic><topic>Rural populations</topic><topic>Smoke</topic><topic>Smoke - adverse effects</topic><topic>Social Sciences</topic><topic>Suicide</topic><topic>Suicides & suicide attempts</topic><topic>Tobacco Smoke Pollution</topic><topic>Wildfires</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Molitor, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mullins, Jamie T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>White, Corey</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Molitor, David</au><au>Mullins, Jamie T</au><au>White, Corey</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Air pollution and suicide in rural and urban America: Evidence from wildfire smoke</atitle><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><date>2023-09-19</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>120</volume><issue>38</issue><spage>e2221621120</spage><epage>e2221621120</epage><pages>e2221621120-e2221621120</pages><issn>0027-8424</issn><eissn>1091-6490</eissn><abstract>Air pollution poses well-established risks to physical health, but little is known about its effects on mental health. We study the relationship between wildfire smoke exposure and suicide risk in the United States in 2007 to 2019 using data on all deaths by suicide and satellite-based measures of wildfire smoke and ambient fine particulate matter (PM
) concentrations. We identify the causal effects of wildfire smoke pollution on suicide by relating year-over-year fluctuations in county-level monthly smoke exposure to fluctuations in suicide rates and compare the effects across local areas and demographic groups that differ considerably in their baseline suicide risk. In rural counties, an additional day of smoke increases monthly mean PM
by 0.41 μg/m
and suicide deaths by 0.11 per million residents, such that a 1-μg/m
(13%) increase in monthly wildfire-derived fine particulate matter leads to 0.27 additional suicide deaths per million residents (a 2.0% increase). These effects are concentrated among demographic groups with both high baseline suicide risk and high exposure to outdoor air: men, working-age adults, non-Hispanic Whites, and adults with no college education. By contrast, we find no evidence that smoke pollution increases suicide risk among any urban demographic group. This study provides large-scale evidence that air pollution elevates the risk of suicide, disproportionately so among rural populations.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Academy of Sciences</pub><pmid>37695917</pmid><doi>10.1073/pnas.2221621120</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-760X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8568-2842</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5320-5597</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Adults Air pollution Air Pollution - adverse effects Demographics Demography Exposure Fatalities Fluctuations Health risks Humans Male Particulate emissions Particulate matter Particulate Matter - adverse effects Risk Rural Population Rural populations Smoke Smoke - adverse effects Social Sciences Suicide Suicides & suicide attempts Tobacco Smoke Pollution Wildfires |
title | Air pollution and suicide in rural and urban America: Evidence from wildfire smoke |
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